[Retracted] Animal Models and Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis

Table 3

Pathogenic factors and mechanisms of action of important UC-causing drugs.

Drug name	Pathogenic factor	Mechanisms	Reference
DSS	IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, intestinal flora	Elevated mRNA levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and secreted levels in serum; dysbiosis of intestinal flora by increasing the permeability of intestinal mucosal cells.	[79]; [80]
OXZ	Th1/Th2 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6)	Leading to an imbalance in the ratio of Th1/Th2 helper cells, increased release of TNF-α and IL-6, active secretion of B lymphocytes, production of antibodies, and hyperactive humoral immune response, which in turn activates the complement system and causes an inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa.	[81]; [82]
DNCB	NO, TNF-α	Activation induced by T cells, resulting in a significant increase in NO and TNF-α activity	[83]
TNBS	Intestinal flora, IL-6, TNF-α	Elevated IL-6 and TNF-α, disrupts the structure and composition of the intestinal flora, causing disruption of the flora.	[84, 85]