Profiling of Plant Derived Natural Constituents by Using Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Table 1

Latest applications of NMR for the profiling of various fresh and processed products.

Plant-based raw and processed products	Type of NMR/approach	Key findings	Reference
Honey	NMR + chemometrics	Detected saccharides, amino acids, aldehydes, aliphatic and aromatic compounds	[41]
Moringa oleifera leaves	^1H NMR	Successfully analysed metabolites at different concentrations and highlighted the antioxidant potential for high immune system	[44]
Purple carrot	NMR-^1H TOCSY with PCA	Detected various bioactive compounds amino acids, aromatic amino acids, phenlypropanoid, GABA, chloregenic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, etc.; Identified several biomarkers to find optimal harvest time of purple carrots	[45]
Beer	^1H NMR + chemometrics	A clear discrimination of compounds from 31 samples of beer; Both targeted and untargeted approaches gave high resolution of metabolites	[46]
Legume sprouts	^1H NMR + chemometrics	32 metabolites were identified to different classes, i.e., fatty acids, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, sterols, alkaloids, and isoflavoinoids	[47]
Pineapple waste extracts	^1H NMR	Successfully investigated metabolite profile of pineapple peel, crown and core extracted from different ethanolic ratios; Also identified toxic compounds and co-relation between plant metabolomics and their bioactivity	[48]
Short cake biscuits	NMR-low field	Indicated a reduction in dynamics of water molecules bound to polymer matrix; Rheological characteristics such as reduction in hardness of cookies was analysed by NMR imaging	[49]
Arabidopsis thaliana	NMR-MS	Identified unknown metabolite accurately such as glucosinolates and glucoraphanin	[50]
Guava leaf extract	^1H NMR + principle component analyses	High degree of variation detected by PCA analyses of ^1H NMR spectra; Signals detected aliphatic and aromatic regions suggesting both primary and secondary metabolties such as quercitin, ferullic acid, and gallic acid	[51]
Coffee arabica roasted beans	^1H NMR and static headspace gas chromatography (SHGH)-MS	Detected 20 water-soluble compounds and 43 volatile compounds such as n-methyl pyridiniun, formic acid, caffeine, choline, propionic acid, 2-furyl methanol	[52]
Corylus avellana leaves (hazelnut)	^1H NMR and principal component analysis, partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLSDA)	30 metabolites were detected such as valine, kaempferol, giffonin, quercitin, and carpinotriol	[53]
Anogeissus leiocarpus DC stem bark	^1H NMR-HPLC-DAD-MS	Detected 59 compounds including 43 ellagitannins and 16 triterpenoids such as roburin, vescalin, castalin, etc.	[54]
Apple	^1H NMR	Identified 4 sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, xylose) and 6 amino acids (Alaline, aspargine, asparatate, γ-amino butyric acid, isoleucine and valine) and 9 organic acids (acetic, citric, etc.)	[55]
Commercial date palm	^1H NMR + UPLC-MS	35 metabolites were detected in the commercial product such as quercitin, procyanidins, kaempferol, catechin, salicylic acid, disaccharides, protocatechuic acid, and glyceric acid.	[56]
Seabuckthorn	^1H NMR-PLSDA	Numerous new bioactives such betaine, spermidin, adonitol, beta-alanine, creatine, xylitol, taurine, etc. other than 100 bioactives were found	[57]
Sugarcane juice	^1H NMR	42 compounds such luteolin, apigenin, gentsic acid, malic acid, formic acid, aspartate, fatty acids, valine, etc. were successfully detected.	[58]
Mango	^1H NMR + PCA	Detected compounds such as malonic acid, phenyl alanine, glutamine, lysine, ethylisobutanote, and phosphocholine	[59]
Rice (white, black, and red)	^1H NMR and PLSDA	Tyrosine, gallic acid, ferrulic acid, sinapic acid, xylose, galactitol, tocopherol, oryzanol, linolenic acid, oxoglutaric acid, α-aminobutyric acid, etc. were detected	[60]