Complexity

Research Article

Smart Microgrid Energy Management Using a Novel Artificial Shark Optimization

Table 1

Constraints.
ConstraintFormulation
Electrical demand balance 
Dispatchable DGs constraints 
 
BES constraintsDischarging mode [18]: 
 
 
Charging mode: 
 
 
 
BEV constraints
Discharging mode:  
 
 
Charging mode:  
 
 
 
PHEV constraints
Discharging mode:  
 
 
Charging mode:  
 
 
 
 
Grid  constraints
Operating reserve constraints
In SMG systems, reliability is achieved by acquiring the energy storage (e.g., BES, EVTs, and operating reserves). In each time step, operating reserve (OR) is the addition of standby generation capacity of turned-on BES, EVTs, FC, MT, and grid. It can be supplied to the SMG in less than 10 min and is defined by 
, 
where is the 10 min requirement at time