Glycemic Control, Hand Activity, and Complexity of Biological Signals in Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of nondiabetic participants (unaffected), those with well-controlled diabetes (HbA1c < 8%), and those with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 8%).

	Unaffected ()	Diabetes, HbA1c < 8% ()	Diabetes, HbA1c ≥ 8% ()
Male, %	19 (52.8)	12 (54.6)	12 (54.6)
Age, y	60.3 (8.8)	64.9 (6.1)	61.3 (7.2)
Height, m	161.6 (8.4)	162.0 (9.2)	161.2 (7.5)
Weight, kg	68.0 (10.1)	71.7 (15.7)	71.2 (10.4)
Waist circumstance, cm	88.7 (8.0)	92.7 (13.0)	93.7 (10.4)
, kg/m^2	26.0 (3.1)	27.2 (4.7)	27.5 (4.0)
Pulse rate, beats/min	73.5 (8.6)	77.6 (13.8)	83.7 (11.4)
Systolic BP, mmHg	127.4 (18.7)	126.0 (21.4)	128.3 (16.4)
Diastolic BP, mmHg	75.5 (10.8)	74.9 (11.9)	76.5 (9.9)
Pulse pressure, mmHg	51.9	51.1 (14.4)	51.8 (14.3)
HbA1c, %	6.0	7.1	9.6 (1.6)
Fasting glucose, mg/dl	110.5	126.0	189.5 (58.4)
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	185.5 (38.1)	170.9 (37.6)	191.2 (36.7)
Triglyceride, mg/dl	111.1	118.7 (47.8)	158.4 (76.4)
HDL-C, mg/dl	48.7 (14.1)	43.8	41.2 (10.9)
LDL-C, mg/dl	108.7 (29.8)	97.2 (23.9)	118.5 (29.4)
Diabetes duration, y	0	8.2 (8.9)	12.5 (8.5)
Hypertension, %	15	16 (72.7)	16 (72.7)
Dyslipidemia, %	24 (66.7)	14 (63.6)	17 (77.3)
Peripheral neuropathy, %	2 (5.6)	3 (13.6)	5 (22.7)
Diabetic retinopathy, %	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (9.1)
Chronic kidney disease, %	1 (2.8)	1 (4.6)	0 (0)

Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviations) and categorical variables as number (percentage). BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; was calculated as body weight (kg)/square of height (m²); : diabetes, HbA1c < 8% versus unaffected; : diabetes, HbA1c ≥ 8% versus unaffected; : diabetes, HbA1c < 8% versus diabetes, HbA1c ≥ 8%.