Glycemic Control, Hand Activity, and Complexity of Biological Signals in Diabetes Mellitus
Table 2
Comparisons of photoplethysmographic pulse amplitudes, pulse wave velocity, multiscale entropy, and refined multiscale entropy between two hands and between groups.
Unaffected
Diabetes, HbA1c < 8%
Diabetes, HbA1c ≥ 8%
value
value
value
PPGA (×105)
Right hand
4.32 (1.74)
0.45
5.12 (2.25)
0.67
4.18 (1.73)
0.64
Left hand
3.97 (1.83)
4.69 (3.82)
4.56 (2.84)
PWV, cm/sec
Right hand
5.45
0.70
5.77 (0.12)
0.077
5.78 (0.54)
0.86
Left hand
5.52
5.89 (0.10)
5.75 (0.58)
(large-scales)
Right hand
1.56
1.00
1.52
0.16
1.28 (0.25)
0.91
Left hand
1.58
1.35 (0.40)
1.29 (0.41)
(medium-scales)
Right hand
1.25
0.64
1.29 (0.38)
0.067
1.10 (0.25)
0.95
Left hand
1.28
1.07 (0.37)
1.10 (0.40)
(small-scale)
Right hand
1.30 (0.43)
0.78
1.35 (0.36)
0.048
1.29 (0.41)
0.42
Left hand
1.30 (0.45)
1.10 (0.45)
1.17 (0.57)
(large-scales)
Right hand
0.77
0.95
0.79
0.44
0.71 (0.08)
0.34
Left hand
0.77 (0.12)
0.76 (0.15)
0.74 (0.16)
(medium-scales)
Right hand
1.48
0.87
1.47 (0.43)
0.34
1.27 (0.29)
0.47
Left hand
1.46 (0.33)
1.36 (0.36)
1.35 (0.43)
(small-scale)
Right hand
3.25 (0.67)
0.47
3.39 (0.68)
0.011
3.19 (0.54)
0.97
Left hand
3.12 (0.69)
2.91 (0.42)
3.18 (0.78)
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviations), and one-sample paired -test is used to compare the data between right and left hands shown as value. MSE, multiscale entropy; PPGA, photoplethysmographic pulse amplitudes; PWV, cardiofingertip pulse wave velocity; RMSE, refined MSE; : diabetes, HbA1c < 8% versus unaffected; : diabetes, HbA1c ≥ 8% versus unaffected; : diabetes, HbA1c < 8% versus diabetes, HbA1c ≥ 8%.
