Analysis of Constraint-Handling in Metaheuristic Approaches for the Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning Problem with Renewable Energy

Table 1

Description of a chromosome.

Variable	Number of genes	Positions in chromosome	Lower value	Upper value
	288	0–47	−40	40
		48–95	−100	100
		96–143	−140	140
		144–191	−105	105
		192–239	−200	200
		240–287	−40	40
	192	288–479	−3.141592	3.141592
	96	480–575	0	400 (for 480–527)
				150 (for 528–575)
	48	576–623	0	100
	48	624–671	0	150
	48	672–719	0	50
	24	720–743	0	150
	24	744–767	0	50
	192	768–959	0	According to the demand for each operating condition and period along the planning horizon (Table 3)
	48	960–1007		100
	144	1008–1152	0	1