Approach to Online Defect Monitoring in Fused Deposition Modeling Based on the Variation of the Temperature Field

<table class="table-group" id="tab4"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="11"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Product</td><td class="align_center">d20h20</td><td class="align_center">d14h20</td><td class="align_center">yt17h20</td><td class="align_center">c16h20</td><td class="align_center">c20h16</td><td class="align_center">d24h20</td><td class="align_center">k20h20</td><td class="align_center">d16h20</td><td class="align_center">d18h20</td><td class="align_center">c20h20</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"><span style="width: 23.9771ptpx;"><svg height="14.4911pt" id="M112" style="vertical-align:-5.52898pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 23.9771 14.4911" width="23.9771pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.132)"><path d="M620 667C620 684 593 710 552 710C515 710 459 687 409 634C360 582 334 506 320 433H247L215 400L220 388H310L259 80C224 -129 199 -161 185 -174C175 -183 160 -192 141 -192C123 -192 90 -181 75 -165C69 -158 64 -156 54 -164C39 -178 24 -195 24 -208C24 -231 61 -257 94 -257C124 -257 162 -243 209 -194C267 -134 303 -66 343 107C369 220 378 279 393 385L503 397L523 433H404C432 619 464 660 500 660C522 660 542 646 566 621C573 614 583 615 593 621C603 628 620 648 620 667Z" id="g50-103"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.041,3.132)"><path d="M309 -142C211 -61 151 99 151 271S210 601 309 683L288 710C141 611 75 451 75 272V271C75 90 141 -72 288 -169L309 -142Z" id="g50-41"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.298,3.132)"><path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z" id="g50-100"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.041,3.132)"><path d="M283 271C283 451 220 610 70 710L48 683C146 603 207 443 207 271S149 -59 48 -142L70 -169C220 -67 283 90 283 271Z" id="g50-42"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center">−11.4</td><td class="align_center">8.28</td><td class="align_center">1.4266</td><td class="align_center">11.701</td><td class="align_center">9.8166</td><td class="align_center">0.836</td><td class="align_center">2.425</td><td class="align_center">4.862</td><td class="align_center">−2.872</td><td class="align_center">3.274</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="11"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div><svg height="14.4911pt" id="M111" style="vertical-align:-5.52898pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 23.9771 14.4911" width="23.9771pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z" id="g113-85"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.132)"><path d="M620 667C620 684 593 710 552 710C515 710 459 687 409 634C360 582 334 506 320 433H247L215 400L220 388H310L259 80C224 -129 199 -161 185 -174C175 -183 160 -192 141 -192C123 -192 90 -181 75 -165C69 -158 64 -156 54 -164C39 -178 24 -195 24 -208C24 -231 61 -257 94 -257C124 -257 162 -243 209 -194C267 -134 303 -66 343 107C369 220 378 279 393 385L503 397L523 433H404C432 619 464 660 500 660C522 660 542 646 566 621C573 614 583 615 593 621C603 628 620 648 620 667Z" id="g50-103"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,13.041,3.132)"><path d="M309 -142C211 -61 151 99 151 271S210 601 309 683L288 710C141 611 75 451 75 272V271C75 90 141 -72 288 -169L309 -142Z" id="g50-41"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.298,3.132)"><path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z" id="g50-100"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.041,3.132)"><path d="M283 271C283 451 220 610 70 710L48 683C146 603 207 443 207 271S149 -59 48 -142L70 -169C220 -67 283 90 283 271Z" id="g50-42"></path></g></svg> values for the 10 workpieces at the beginning of the warping stage.</div>

Complexity

tab4

Table 4

Table 4: Approach to Online Defect Monitoring in Fused Deposition Modeling Based on the Variation of the Temperature Field 