Bipartisanship Breakdown, Functional Networks, and Forensic Analysis in Spanish 2015 and 2016 National Elections

Figure 17

Heat maps plotting the percentage (in color scale) of municipalities where a given political party has received a certain percentage of votes, as a function of the relative participation. These are results associated with December 2015 elections. According to Klimek et al. [5], a smear out of the cluster towards the top-right corner of the heat map is a sign of incremental fraud, whereas extreme fraud would occur for bimodal distributions where a cluster emerges at the top-right corner.

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