Bipartisanship Breakdown, Functional Networks, and Forensic Analysis in Spanish 2015 and 2016 National Elections

Figure 19

MAD values of the goodness of fit to 1BL for 2015 (a) and 2016 (b) at the aggregation level of precincts. In every case, the critical values for rejection at the 95 and 99% confidence level are shown. For a large majority, we reject conformance to Benford’s law at the precinct level according to MAD, this result being inconsistent with the one found for Pearson’s statistic.

(a)

(b)