Bipartisanship Breakdown, Functional Networks, and Forensic Analysis in Spanish 2015 and 2016 National Elections

Figure 9

Summary of Pearson goodness of fit to 1BL (a, c) and 2BL (b, d) for 2015 (a, b) and 2016 (c, d) extracted from analysis of each individual precinct (each precinct contains a different number of municipalities and shows a precise distribution and an associated , so here we plot the mean standard deviation over all Spanish precincts (excluding Ceuta and Melilla, precincts with a single municipality)) for the main parties. In every case, the critical values for rejection at the 95 and 99% confidence level are shown. Interestingly, in the case of 1BL for a large majority, we accept conformance to Benford’s law, whereas in the case of 2BL for a large majority the null hypothesis is rejected. Results based on MAD suggest that neither 1BL nor 2BL is accepted (Figure 11).

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