Bipartisanship Breakdown, Functional Networks, and Forensic Analysis in Spanish 2015 and 2016 National Elections

Table 1

Statistical tests of conformance to Benford’s law for the first (1BL) and second (2BL) significant digit distribution for the vote counts of each political party (at the level of municipalities), along with and MAD statistics. In italic we highlight the datasets where the null hypothesis can be rejected with 95% confidence but not with 99% and in bold cases for which where the null hypothesis can be rejected with more than 99% confidence according to . On the basis of MAD statistic the null hypothesis of conformance to Benford’s laws cannot be rejected for any case.

Year	Political party	Number of observations	1BL	MAD 1BL	2BL	MAD 2BL
2015	PP	8182	23.079	0.0052	8.737	0.0027
2016	PP	8186	21.408	0.0046	4.142	0.0021
2015	PSOE	8135	13.486	0.0030	17.648	0.0038
2016	PSOE	8121	15.040	0.0033	13.065	0.0038
2015	Podemos & Co.	7927	4.845	0.0020	21.329	0.0050
2016	Unidos Podemos	8056	3.537	0.0019	18.314	0.0048
2015	C’s	8037	11.933	0.0036	10.934	0.0034
2016	C’s	8001	9.671	0.0033	10.951	0.0039