A Novel Power-Driven Grey Model with Whale Optimization Algorithm and Its Application in Forecasting the Residential Energy Consumption in China

Table 11

Fitted and predicted results of various grey models in Case 1.

Year	Real data	GM(1,1)	Error (%)	ARGM	Error (%)	DGM	Error (%)	NGM	Error (%)	NIGM	Error (%)	FGM(1,1)	Error (%)	SAIGM	Error (%)	GM(1,1,)	Error (%)
2005	27573	27573	0	27573	0	27573	0	27573	0	27058.56265	−1.865728606	27573	0	27573	0	27573	0
2006	27765	27978.32853	0.768336125	29005.12306	4.47E + 00	27991.46972	0.815666186	15193.77532	−45.27723636	28538.6003	2.786242738	28291.15519	1.895030383	28213.87712	1.616701298	28590.2434	2.972243475
2007	30814	29952.57086	−2.795577125	30630.24572	−0.596333737	29966.86358	−2.749193289	26179.55591	−15.04006001	30206.15237	−1.972634606	29924.47954	−2.886741277	29999.16318	−2.644372115	30669.18209	−0.4699744
2008	31898	32066.1222	0.527061881	32474.3775	1.806939309	32081.66352	0.575783803	32092.74897	0.610536628	32084.97616	0.5861689	31901.97945	0.012475549	31981.14675	0.260664469	32845.45897	2.970277048
2009	33843	34328.81263	1.435489247	34567.03309	2.139388033	34345.7076	1.485410853	35275.57717	4.233008816	34201.83887	1.060304543	34142.0597	0.883667805	34181.49939	1.000205036	35111.28887	3.747566316
2010	36470	36751.16589	0.770951158	36941.70473	1.293404786	36769.52816	0.821300144	36988.76246	1.422436136	36586.89902	0.320534735	36622.63513	0.418522422	36624.28035	0.423033577	37455.11423	2.70E + 00
2011	39584	39344.44832	−0.605173011	39636.3982	0.132372173	39364.40085	−0.554767454	37910.89951	−4.22670899	39274.13608	−0.782800938	39341.62499	−0.612305507	39336.19965	−0.626011396	39860.69337	0.699003063
2012	42306	42120.72123	−0.437949155	42694.24116	0.917697623	42142.39703	−0.386713401	38407.2479	−9.215600867	42301.83456	−0.009845972	42306	1.14E − 08	42346.91016	0.096700621	42305.99989	−2.61E − 07
2013	45531	45092.89704	−0.962208079	46164.17331	1.390642227	45116.43995	−0.910500641	38674.41178	−15.05916456	45713.12948	0.400012041	45527.84857	−0.006921508	45689.33182	0.347745099	44761.89622	−1.689187102
2014	47212	48274.79929	2.251121097	50101.72973	6.120752634	48300.3649	2.305271744	38818.21509	−17.77892253	49556.62086	4.966154493	49022.73478	3.835327421	49400.01157	4.634439477	47190.53749	−0.045459867
2015	50099	51681.22697	3.158200705	54569.92965	8.924189408	51708.9835	3.213604062	38895.61849	−22.36248529	53887.06613	7.56116117	52808.95862	5.409207009	53519.52298	6.827527459	49543.45316	−1.108898065