A Novel Power-Driven Grey Model with Whale Optimization Algorithm and Its Application in Forecasting the Residential Energy Consumption in China

Table 5

Fitted and predicted results of various grey models in Example A.

Year	Raw data	GM(1,1)	Error (%)	ARGM	Error (%)	DGM	Error (%)	NGM	Error (%)	NIGM	Error (%)	FGM(1,1)	Error (%)	SAIGM	Error (%)	GM(1,1,)	Error (%)
2005	467.63	467.63	0	467.63	0	467.63	0	467.63	0	469.7263546	0.448293434	467.63	2.43E − 14	467.63	0	467.63	0
2006	561.41	581.0296492	3.494709602	570.8747479	1.69E + 00	582.5467989	3.764948767	326.4241266	−41.85637473	566.9866424	0.993327942	561.41	−1.44E − 09	578.1643099	2.984326951	585.984921	4.377357191
2007	705.23	678.504639	−3.789595023	685.1861578	−2.842170945	680.4246572	−3.517340834	541.2409827	−23.25326735	676.4109333	−4.086477709	675.7856868	−4.175136232	678.9353041	−3.728527697	692.1766157	−1.850940014
2008	812.94	792.3322774	−2.534962309	811.7504501	−0.146326902	794.7476753	−2.237843466	735.3614988	−9.542955343	799.5205363	−1.650732361	798.9734068	−1.718034933	795.5276016	−2.141904496	814.9110141	0.242455057
2009	895.2	925.2559256	3.357453712	951.8809942	6.331657078	928.2789222	3.695143228	910.7796456	1.740353617	938.0270257	4.784073466	935.7082618	4.525051583	930.4251873	3.934895813	955.0483743	6.685475232
2010	1069.41	1080.479178	1.035073373	1107.031938	3.518008797	1084.24571	1.387279884	1069.297286	−0.010539815	1093.856036	2.28593671	1089.675641	1.895030039	1086.502038	1.598268044	1112.224417	4.00E + 00
2011	1305.3	1261.743072	−3.336928487	1278.813297	−2.029165926	1266.417594	−2.978809925	1212.542685	−7.106206627	1269.174034	−2.767637051	1264.347874	−3.137372698	1267.083353	−2.927805624	1283.782232	−1.648492178
2012	1463	1473.416252	0.711978939	1469.007663	0.410640007	1479.197481	1.107141546	1341.987232	−8.271549391	1466.418438	0.233659495	1463.349784	0.023908691	1476.016395	0.88970577	1463	2.62E − 08
2013	1705.37	1720.600254	0.89307624	1679.588701	−1.511771576	1727.72804	1.311037472	1458.96056	−14.44903103	1688.331509	−0.999108165	1690.650448	−0.863129502	1717.752459	0.726086333	1636.180316	−4.057165562
2014	1868.94	2009.252464	7.507595978	1912.74163	2.343661633	2018.015997	7.976499897	1564.664195	−16.28066204	1937.998469	3.695060789	1950.695202	4.374415544	1997.4417	6.875646112	1777.904354	−4.870977476
2015	1931.75	2346.329692	21.4613533	2170.885899	12.37923639	2357.077313	22.01772034	1660.183907	−14.05803509	2218.8904	14.86426298	2248.518858	16.3980255	2321.042867	20.15234203	1843.333931	−4.576993327