An Effective ABC-SVM Approach for Surface Roughness Prediction in Manufacturing Processes

Table 1

Input parameters and their levels for turning of AISI 1045 steel.

Parameters	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Cutting speed (v) (m/min)	120	150	180
Feed rate (f) (mm/rev)	0.15	0.2	0.25
Depth of cut (d) (mm)	0.5	1.0	1.5
Tool nose radius (r) (mm)	0.4	0.8	1.2