A Review of Semantic Sensor Technologies in Internet of Things Architectures

Table 1

Comparison of sensor-level ontologies based on the sensor description (SENSOR), measurement description (MEASUREMENT), sensor state (STATE), sensor discovery (DISCOVERY), the standard of W3C or other standards organizations (STANDARD), application field (AF), and year of publication (YEAR). Check marks indicate that an ontology exhibits a given feature.

Ontology	SENSOR	MEASUREMENT	STATE	DISCOVERY	STANDARD	AF	YEAR	REF
Avancha et al.	Yes	No				General	2004	[46]
GAS	Yes			Yes		General	2005	[47]
MMI	Yes	Yes				Military	2006	[48, 49]
Pedigree Ontology	Yes	Yes				Military	2006	[50]
SWAMO	Yes	Yes				NASA	2007	[51]
WISNO	Yes					General	2007	[52]
A3ME	Yes	No	Yes	Yes		General	2008	[53]
SEEK-OBOE	No	Yes				Coastal monitoring	2008	[54]
ISTAR	Yes					Military	2008	[55]
CSIRO	Yes	No	No	Yes		General	2009	[56, 57]
OntoSensor	Yes	Yes	No	Yes		General	2009	[58–60]
Ontonym-Sensor	Yes	Yes				General	2009	[61]
Sensei O&M	Yes	Yes				General	2009	[62]
W3C SSN-XG	Yes	Yes			Yes	General	2009	[56]
OOSTethys	Yes	Yes				General	2009	[63]
CESN	Yes	Yes				General	2010	[64]
DUL	Yes	Yes		No		General	2010	[65]
SemSorGrid4Env	Yes	Yes				Flood emergency prediction	2011	[66]
SWROAO	Yes	Yes				Atmospheric monitoring	2011	[67]
W3C SSN	Yes		No	No	Yes	General	2012	[56]
SCoreO	Yes	Yes				General	2012	[68]
SenMESO	Yes	Yes	No	No		General	2013	[69]
W3C WSSN	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes	General	2013	[70]
NIST	Yes		Yes			Manufacturing	2013	[71]
AEMET	Yes	Yes	No	No		Weather forecast	2013	[72]
SCloudO	Yes	Yes				Weather forecast	2013	[73]
IoT-Lite	Yes			Yes		General	2015	[74, 75]
MyOntoSens	Yes	Yes			Yes	General	2015	[76]
oneM2M	Yes	Yes	No	No		General	2015	[77]
Xue et al.	Yes	Yes				General	2015	[78]
Hirmer et al.	Yes	No	No	Yes		General	2016	[79]
Smart Onto Sensor	Yes	Yes	Yes	No		General	2017	[80]
MSSN-Onto	Yes	Yes			Yes	Multimedia	2018	[81]
SOSA	Yes	Yes			Yes	General	2018	[82]