Analysis of a Lorenz-Like Chaotic System by Lyapunov Functions

Zhang, Fuchen

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7812769

Complexity

On this page

Abstract Introduction Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 7812769 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7812769

Analysis of a Lorenz-Like Chaotic System by Lyapunov Functions

Fuchen Zhang^1,2

Academic Editor: Sergey Dashkovskiy

Received27 Mar 2019

Revised17 Jun 2019

Accepted01 Jul 2019

Published09 Jul 2019

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the ultimate bound set and positively invariant set of a 3D Lorenz-like chaotic system, which is different from the well-known Lorenz system, Rössler system, Chen system, Lü system, and even Lorenz system family. Furthermore, we investigate the global exponential attractive set of this system via the Lyapunov function method. The rate of the trajectories going from the exterior of the globally exponential attractive set to the interior of the globally exponential attractive set is also obtained for all the positive parameters values . The innovation of this paper is that our approach to construct the ultimate bounded and globally exponential attractivity sets assumes that the corresponding sets depend on some artificial parameters ( and ); that is, for the fixed parameters of the system, we have a series of sets depending on and . The results contain the known result as a special case for the fixed and . The efficiency of the scheme is shown numerically. The theoretical results may find wide applications in chaos control and chaos synchronization.

1. Introduction

In 1963, Edward Lorenz discovered a chaotic attractor numerically when he studied the Rayleigh–Bénard convection [1]. This discovery stimulated rapid development of chaos theory and a large number of chaotic systems were reported. Since then, chaos phenomenon and chaotic systems have been intensively studied due to great potential applications of chaotic systems in some engineering and technology fields [2–34]. A lot of new chaotic systems can be found, such as Rössler system [2], Chen system [3], Lü system [4], and Lorenz–Stenflo system [12, 23–25]. How to get the bounds of chaotic systems is one of very central problems in the theory of dynamical systems. Bounds for a new chaotic system are very important for the study of the qualitative behavior of a new chaotic system and chaos control. The bounds of the famous Lorenz system have been studied by Leonov et al. in [26–28]. Zhang et al. [17] give the new results of the bounds of the famous Lorenz system and their new results contain the existing results [26–28] as special cases. The bounds of the Lorenz–Stenflo system have been investigated in [23]. How to get the bounds of the Chen system and the Lü system is an important yet nontrivial open problem due to the important potential applications of the Chen system and the Lü system [29, 30]. Zhang et al. [16, 21, 30] investigate the open problems of the bounds of the Chen system and the Lü system and get many important results. However, it is very difficult to get the bounds of chaotic systems [16, 21, 28] and some results have been derived only for some chaotic systems [16, 17, 21, 28]. The bounds of a large number of chaotic systems are still unknown. This paper is devoted to computing the bounds of a compact domain, which contains all compact invariant sets of a Lorenz-like chaotic system.

In this paper, we consider the Lorenz-like system [31]:where and parameter is real. System (1) is when coincides with the classical Lorenz system [1]; when and , it could be transformed to the Glukhovsky-Dolzhansky system describing fluid convection in the rotating ellipsoidal cavity [32] (see also [8, 15] within this paper), and when , it could be transformed to the Rabinovich system describing interaction between waves in plasma [33] (see also [8, 9] within this paper). When , system (1) coincides with the Qi system [22]:where , , and are real variables; , , and are positive parameters of system (2). When , , and , system (2) is chaotic [22], as shown in Figure 1. System (2) is different from the well-known Lorenz system, Rössler system, Chen system, Lü system, and even Lorenz system family [22]. So, many dynamic behaviors of chaotic system (2) are still unknown, motivating the work to be presented in this paper.

Further in this paper we are going to study the dynamic behavior of system (1) in the special case when , and we compare our results with the results that were obtained previously [31] for the general case

2. Dynamic Behavior of System (2)

Theorem 1. Assume that , , , , and , with whereThen, is the ultimate bound and positively invariant set of system (2).

Proof. Define the Lyapunov-like functionThen, the derivative of is Let , and we can get a bounded closed set :Since chaotic system (2) is bounded, the continuous function (5) can reach its maximum value on the bounded closed set above.
Hence, solutions of chaos system (2) are contained in the set defined by . We will get the maximum value of function (5) on by dealing with the conditional extremum problem below:Denoteand then (8) becomes the following form:We can solve problem (10) according to the optimization method and get the expression of as follows:The proof is thus completed.

Remark 2. (i) Let us take and in Theorem 1; then we have thatis the ultimate bound and positively invariant set of system (2), whereLet us take positive parameters values , , and in above; then we can conclude thatis the ultimate bound and positively invariant set for system (2). In Figure 2, we show the localization of chaotic attractor of system (2) in xOyz space defined by .
(ii) System (1) in this general form was studied in 1992 by Leonov and Boichenko [31]. Using Lyapunov’s direct method, they proved its dissipativity in the sense of Levinson, that is, the existence of a global bounded absorbing set containing global attractor, and also construct several positively invariant sets by stating the following results.

Theorem 3. For an arbitrary solution of system (1), the following estimate is true:where

Theorem 4. Let and , and then, for an arbitrary solution of system (1), the following estimate is true:

Theorem 5. All trajectories of system (1) enter the following ellipsoid:where and stay in it.
(iii) Our approach to construct the ultimate bounded and globally exponential attractivity sets assumes that the corresponding sets depend on some artificial parameters ( and ); that is, for the fixed parameters of system (2), we have a series of sets depending on and . Let us take and in (3); then the set in (3) coincides with (18).

Though Theorem 1 gives the ultimate bound set of system (2), the global exponential attractive sets of system (2) are still unknown. The global exponential attractive sets of system (2) are described by the following theorem.

Theorem 6. Suppose that , , and , and let us denoteThen the estimateholds for system (2).
Hence, by definition, is the globally exponential attractive set of system (2); that is,

Proof. Define and then the derivative of isSo, we haveAndBy definition, is the globally exponential attractive set of system (2).
The proof is thus completed.

3. Conclusion

The article is devoted to study the global behavior of the 3D Lorenz-like chaotic system. For the considered system, we obtain the positive invariant set (ultimate bound) and globally exponential attractive set using Lyapunov function theory and optimization method. Numerical simulations are consistent with the results of theoretical analysis. It is expected that the basic ideas presented in this paper can be applied to explore the bounds of similar chaotic systems in other papers.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grants nos. KJQN201800818 and KJ1500605), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants nos. 11871122, 11501064, and 11426047), the Basic and Advanced Research Project of CQCSTC (Grant no. cstc2014jcyjA00040), the Research Fund of CTBU (Grant no. 2014-56-11), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant no. 2016M590850), and Chongqing Postdoctoral Science Foundation Special Funded Project (Grant no. Xm2017174). The author thanks Professors Guanrong Chen in City University of Hong Kong, Gennady A. Leonov in Russian Academy of Sciences, Jinhu Lü in Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaofeng Liao in Chongqing University, Qigui Yang in South China University of Technology, Gaoxiang Yang in Ankang University, and Min Xiao in Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications for their help.

References

E. N. Lorenz, “Deterministic non-periodic flow,” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 130–141, 1963.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. E. Rössler, “An equation for continuous chaos,” Physics Letters A, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 397-398, 1976.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Chen and T. Ueta, “Yet another chaotic attractor,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1465-1466, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
J. Lü and G. Chen, “A new chaotic attractor coined,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 659–661, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
E. M. Elsayed, “Expression and behavior of the solutions of some rational recursive sequences,” Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 5682–5694, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. V. Kuznetsov, T. N. Mokaev, and P. A. Vasilyev, “Numerical justification of Leonov conjecture on LYApunov dimension of Rossler attractor,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1027–1034, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
N. V. Stankevich, N. V. Kuznetsov, G. A. Leonov, and L. O. Chua, “Scenario of the birth of hidden attractors in the chua circuit,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 27, no. 12, Article ID 1730038, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Chen, N. V. Kuznetsov, G. A. Leonov, and T. N. Mokaev, “Hidden attractors on one path: glukhovsky–dolzhansky, lorenz, and rabinovich systems,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 27, no. 08, Article ID 1750115, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. V. Kuznetsov, G. A. Leonov, T. N. Mokaev, A. Prasad, and M. D. Shrimali, “Finite-time Lyapunov dimension and hidden attractor of the Rabinovich system,” Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 267–285, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X.-Y. Wang and M.-J. Wang, “Projective synchronization of nonlinear-coupled spatiotemporal chaotic systems,” Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 567–571, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wang and M. Wang, “A hyperchaos generated from Lorenz system,” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 387, no. 14, pp. 3751–3758, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
L. Stenflo, “Generalized Lorenz equations for acoustic-gravity waves in the atmosphere,” Physica Scripta, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 83-84, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. V. Kuznetsov, G. A. Leonov, M. V. Yuldashev, and R. V. Yuldashev, “Hidden attractors in dynamical models of phase-locked loop circuits: limitations of simulation in MATLAB and SPICE,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 51, pp. 39–49, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Leonov, “General existence conditions of homoclinic trajectories in dissipative systems. Lorenz, Shimizu-Morioka, Lu and Chen systems,” Physics Letters A, vol. 376, no. 45, pp. 3045–3050, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
G. A. Leonov, N. V. Kuznetsov, and T. N. Mokaev, “Homoclinic orbits, and self-excited and hidden attractors in a Lorenz-like system describing convective fluid motion,” The European Physical Journal Special Topics, vol. 224, no. 8, pp. 1421–1458, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Zhang, X. Liao, C. Mu, G. Zhang, and Y. Chen, “On global boundedness of the Chen system,” Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1673–1681, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. C. Zhang and G. Y. Zhang, “Further results on ultimate bound on the trajectories of the Lorenz system,” Qualitative Theory of Dynamical Systems, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 221–235, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
F. C. Zhang, X. F. Liao, G. Y. Zhang, and C. L. Mu, “Dynamical analysis of the generalized Lorenz systems,” Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 349–362, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. C. Zhang, R. Chen, X. Y. Wang, X. S. Chen, C. L. Mu, and X. F. Liao, “Dynamics of a new 5D hyperchaotic system of lorenz type,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 28, no. 03, Article ID 1850036, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Zhang, C. Mu, P. Zheng, D. Lin, and G. Zhang, “The dynamical analysis of a new chaotic system and simulation,” Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 1838–1846, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
F. Zhang, X. F. Liao, and G. Zhang, “On the global boundedness of the Lü system,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 284, pp. 332–339, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Qi, G. Chen, S. Du, Z. Chen, and Z. Yuan, “Analysis of a new chaotic system,” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol. 352, no. 2–4, pp. 295–308, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wang, D. Li, and Q. Hu, “Bounds of the hyper-chaotic Lorenz-Stenflo system,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 2514–2520, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
P. Mukherjee and S. Banerjee, “Projective and hybrid projective synchronization for the Lorenz–Stenflo system with estimation of unknown parameters,” Physica Scripta, vol. 82, no. 5, Article ID 055010, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. C. Rech, “Spiral organization of periodic structures in the Lorenz–Stenflo system,” Physica Scripta, vol. 91, Article ID 075201, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
G. A. Leonov, “Bounds for attractors and the existence of homoclinic orbits in the lorenz system,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 19–32, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Leonov, A. I. Bunin, and N. Koksch, “Attractor localization of the Lorenz system,” Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, vol. 67, no. 12, pp. 649–656, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
X. Liao, Y. Fu, S. Xie, and P. Yu, “Globally exponentially attractive sets of the family of Lorenz systems,” Science China Information Sciences, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 283–292, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
W.-X. Qin and G. Chen, “On the boundedness of solutions of the Chen system,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 329, no. 1, pp. 445–451, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
F. Zhang, C. Mu, and X. Li, “On the boundness of some solutions of the Lü system,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 22, no. 1, Article ID 1250015, p. 5, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
G. A. Leonov and V. A. Boichenko, “Lyapunov's direct method in the estimation of the Hausdorff dimension of attractors,” Acta Applicandae Mathematicae, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1–60, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
A. B. Gluhovsky and F. V. Dolzhansky, “Three-component geostrophic models of convection in a rotating fluid,” Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, vol. 16, pp. 311–318, 1980.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
M. I. Rabinovich, “Stochastic self-oscillations and turbulence,” Soviet Physics Uspekhi, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 443–469, 1978.
View at: Google Scholar | MathSciNet
F. Zhang, C. Mu, S. Zhou, and P. Zheng, “New results of the ultimate bound on the trajectories of the family of the Lorenz systems,” Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - Series B, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1261–1276, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Fuchen Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2170

Downloads

1508

Citations