A Review of Membrane Computing Models for Complex Ecosystems and a Case Study on a Complex Giant Panda System

Figure 6

Prediction data changes and statistical data changes based on different initial years taken as input data. There is a significant and rough difference in the average per-year prediction data and statistical data between the size-rise and the size-decline phases across the 5 years analysed. Each pair of values corresponds to the predicted or statistic result of the same year. (a) Taking 2005 as an input, a PDP system is used to predict five-year population size from 2006 to 2010, respectively; (b) taking 2008 as an input, prediction years from 2009 to 2013; (c) taking 2011 as an input, prediction years from 2012 to 2016; (d) taking 2014 as an input, prediction years from 2015 to 2019; (e) taking 2017 as an input, prediction years from 2018 to 2022; (f) this graph describes the comparison of the deviation ratio of five groups of datasets (also, see Figure 7). In the five figures, we list the minimal deviation ratio and maximal ratio of each input year (shown by the arrows), where , in which represents prediction data and represents statistical data in reality. In (d) and (e), because the pedigree data only counted the data before 2017, there are no data for these years from 2018 to 2022 (lack of red line).

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