Flocking Behavior of Cucker–Smale Model with Processing Delay

<div><span class="nowrap"><svg height="12.7178pt" id="M129" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 142.353 12.7178" width="142.353pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M545 106L524 126C493 85 467 65 455 65C438 65 427 113 405 238C448 295 498 362 543 439L533 448L478 435C453 386 423 331 398 295H395C370 404 347 448 282 448C169 448 23 309 23 153C23 54 65 -12 128 -12C203 -12 283 70 339 155H341C360 29 380 -12 411 -12C444 -12 491 11 545 106ZM333 204C265 95 210 54 169 54C137 54 113 96 113 171C113 302 191 405 252 405C301 405 318 306 333 204Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.017,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.28,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g 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The convergence rate is slower than that in Example <a href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2020/2724806/figures/#ex1">1</a> due to processing delays. The diameter of the population is larger than that in Example <a href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2020/2724806/figures/#ex1">1</a>, which means that the cohesion and aggregation density between particles are not as good as the case in Example <a href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/complexity/volume-2020/2724806/figures/#ex1">1</a>.</div>

Complexity

Flocking Behavior of Cucker–Smale Model with Processing Delay

Figure 2