How Does Technology Import and Export Affect the Innovative Performance of Firms? From the Perspective of Emerging Markets Firms

Table 1

Variable measure.

Variable	Description	References
Dependent variables
Product innovation	Dummy that takes value 1 if the firm introduced a new product, 0 otherwise	McCann and Bahl [36]
Process innovation	Dummy that takes value 1 if the firm introduced a new process, 0 otherwise	Mendi and Costamagna [50]
Product performance	Percent of this establishment’s total annual sales was accounted for by new products	Mendi and Costamagna [50]
Process performance	Percent of annual production volume was associated with new or improved processes	Mendi and Costamagna [50]
Independent variables
Exporter	Binary indicator for engagement in export currently	McCann and Bahl [36], Shinkle and McCann [54]
Technology import	Binary indicator for using technology licensed from a foreign-owned company	Wang and Tao [3]
Informal competition	Five-point Likert-type scale indicator for a survey question: “to what extent do the practices of competitors from the informal sector are an obstacle to the firm’s operations”	McCann and Bahl [36], Iriyama et al. [35]
Control variables
Firm age	Log of number of years a firm has been in operation	McCann and Bahl [36], Iriyama et al. [35], Krammer [55]
Firm size	Log of the number of employees	Krammer [55],
Iriyama et al. [35], McCann and Bahl [31]
Top managers experience	The number of years the top manager or business owner has worked in that sector	McCann and Bahl [36]
Human capital	Average number of years of education of typical production worker	Wang and Tao [3]
State ownership	Percentage of government ownership	McCann and Bahl [36]
Foreign ownership	Percentage of foreign ownership	McCann and Bahl [36]
Diversification	Simpson diversity index of firm’s primary product/service share	Iriyama et al. [35]
Formal competition	The number of competitors it faces in the market for its product or service	Rouhin etal. [38]