A Comparative Study of VMD-Based Hybrid Forecasting Model for Nonstationary Daily Streamflow Time Series

Figure 12

Streamflow forecast scores (computed over the verification period) for the VMD-BPNN model between the observations and predicted streamflows for the 1-d, 3-d, 5-d, and 7-d ahead forecasts, which were evaluated using the (a) Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), (b) root mean squared error (RMSE), (c) mean absolute error (MAE), and (d) time cost.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)