Vibration Tendency Prediction Approach for Hydropower Generator Fused with Multiscale Dominant Ingredient Chaotic Analysis, Adaptive Mutation Grey Wolf Optimizer, and KELM

Table 4

Evaluation metrics of various forecasting models on the test data.

Models	Metrics
	RMSE (μm)	MAE (μm)	MAPE (%)	Time (s)
SVR (GS)	4.2948	3.4677	3.0594	10.51
KELM (GS)	3.8864	3.0813	2.6974	9.2
EMD-KELM (GS)	2.6751	2.1658	1.8931	80.47
VMD-KELM (GS)	0.7082	0.6046	0.5300	114.56
EMD-SSA-PSR-KELM (GS)	1.531	1.1842	1.0358	89.93
VMD-SSA-PSR-KELM (GS)	0.4936	0.3893	0.3431	124.96
The proposed model	0.2454	0.2034	0.1791	274.78