Industrial Composition and Agglomeration Shadow: Evidence from China’s Large Urban Systems

Table 2

Number of cities around six core cities in different periods.

		Beijing	Shanghai	Guangzhou	Tianjin	Chongqing	Shenzhen
Number of surrounding cities	1980–1990	138	161	44	5	38	0
	1990–2000	129	156	50	3	45	3
	2000–2010	126	159	42	1	47	11
	2010–2015	132	155	41	1	45	12