Abstract
In this paper, the effect of quasi-periodic excitation on a three-leg supporter configured with shape memory alloy is investigated. We derived the equation of motion for the system using the supporter configuration and polynomial constitutive model of the shape memory alloys (SMAs) based on Falk model. Two sets of parameters and symmetric initial conditions are used to analyze the system. The system responded with a chaotic attractor and a strange nonchaotic attractor. Coexistence of these attractors is studied and discussed with corresponding phase portrait, bifurcation plot, and cross section of basin of attraction. We confirm the quasi-periodic excitation results with generation of strange nonchaotic attractors as discussed in the literature. The special properties like symmetricity and bistability are revealed and the parameter ranges of existence of such behaviors are discussed. The system is analyzed for different phases and the existence of bistability in martensite phase and transition phase is explained. While the system enters into austenite phase, the bistability behavior vanishes. The results provide insight knowledge into dynamical response of a quasi-periodically excited SMA leg support system and will be useful for design improvements and controller design.
1. Introduction
For the last two decades, shape memory alloys (SMAs) gained attention of the researchers because of their salient behavior and their versatile application in a wide range of fields [1–10]. SMAs are metallic alloys that hold the ability to regain their original shape from plastic deformation through thermal processing. SMAs holding hysteretic loop with super elasticity means the ability to recover from large elastic strains (up to 8%) also permits the material to resist large cyclic deformations, without residual strains [4, 5]. The mechanism behind SMAs behavior is related to martensitic phase transformation that the alloy undergoes when subjected to stress and/or temperature changes. Essentially, there are two basic crystalline states in SMAs: austenite and martensite. Martensitic transformation is a nondiffusive process, which happens due to differences between involved constituents [2]. Hence, while we design a mechanical system using SMAs, it is mandatory to investigate the behavior of the system in both martensitic phase and austenitic phase, as well as in transition phase [6, 7, 9].
The three-leg supporter is a mechanical system that is widely used in aircraft industries and machining industries. It can provide adequate inclinations with required motion for precise movement of platform. While SMAs are introduced in three-leg platform, precise movement and maintaining the position can be easily achieved but the challenges are enormous.
Major challenge can be identified as constitutive model for representing the deformation behavior of SMAs. In order to explore all potentialities of SMAs, there is an increasing interest in the development of mathematical models capable of describing the main behaviors of these alloys. SMA thermomechanical behavior can be modeled by either microscopic or macroscopic points of view. Using Devonshire’s theory, the unique properties of SMAs were modeled by Falk [8] and a simplified, refined one-dimensional model is formulated and discussed in [9]. This model is analyzed based on polynomial-free energy potential [10].
In 1984, Grebogi [11] found strange attractors that are not chaotic and named them Strange Nonchaotic Attractors (SNAs). The dynamics of SNAs that are neither regular nor chaotic indicate that the shape is neither a finite set of points nor piecewise differentiable manifold. The interesting phenomenon is that while the system undergoes quasi-periodically excited forces, these SNAs are generated. Many researches were carried out on such SNAs [12–21]. In [22], quasi-periodically excited nonautonomous system is investigated and various shapes of SNAs are discussed. In [23], the authors developed some no-autonomous systems with quasi-periodic coefficients and revealed more complicated dynamics of unusual types.
The three-leg supporter system does not need to be subjected to periodic excitation; hence, investigation for quasi-periodic excitation provides exact scenario of real-time situations. Coexistence of two or more attractors is not good for a mechanical system; it intricates the design and control of the system. Observing how many coexisting attractors are present in the system and investigating the parameter range and corresponding initial conditions are very important. Many literatures showed the coexistence of attractors in mechanical systems and studied their behaviors [24–27].
Motivated by the aforementioned discussion, in this paper, we analyzed the three-leg supporter with shape memory alloy for quasiperiodic forcing. The quasi-periodic excitation is achieved by taking golden ratio of irrational number. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides the mathematical modeling of three-leg supporter with shape memory alloy. Section 3 deals with stability analysis. Section 4 reports the symmetricity property and the bistability property and its ranges. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the conclusion.
2. System Modeling
In this paper, we analyze a three-leg supporter as shown in Figure 1. The setup under consideration consists of two disks (top and base) with radii B1 and B2, respectively. The top disk is supported by three SMA rods having length L and cross-sectional area A. These three legs are located 120° with each other on the base disk.
The masses of SMA rods are considerably less, so we assume that the mass of the structure is fully concentrated at the rigid mass disk. Applying force on the center of the rigid disk, and because of the symmetricity of the structure, we considered the vertical motion only. Based on the force analysis, the vertical forces can be calculated as follows: Vertical forces = (internal force in each bar) .
The equation of motion is derived [28] as follows:where m is mass and is applied force on the center of the rigid disk. F is internal force in each bar, X is vertical displacement, is angle between the leg and the base disk, and c is viscous damping coefficient.
Geometrical relations are considered in the following way:
The legs are made up of shape memory alloys (SMAs). There have been a horde of literatures that proved that SMAs possess nonlinear behavior because of their hysteretic nature while subjected to temperature changes. In order to consider such phenomenon, various constitutive models were developed. There are different ways to describe the thermomechanical behavior of SMAs. Here, we considered the polynomial constitutive model proposed by Falk [8]. He formulated the below-mentioned fifth-degree polynomial constitutive relation for analyzing the nonlinear behavior of SMAs:where , is the temperature below which the martensitic phase is stable, is temperature, are material constants, and is the temperature above which austenite is stable .
By substituting geometrical relations equation (2) and fifth-degree polynomial constitutive relation (3) in equation (1), we can get the equation of motion of the three-leg supporter with shape memory alloy as follows:
is the force applied to the three-leg supporter. Most of the literatures discussed the response of the system for periodic excitation but quasi-excitation is the one that will give more real situations for analyzing the nonlinear behaviors keeping this in mind. In this paper, we consider quasi-periodic excitation in the following form:
The necessary condition to get quasi-excitation, should be irrational number [20, 29]. For our analysis, we take the golden ratio of irrational number , .
The dimensionless equation is derived from the equation of motion:where and .
3. Stability Analysis
In order to find the equilibrium point, we considered an unforced system from equation (6). We discarded the forcing term . Then the equations are equated to zero. The equations become as follows:
For the parameter values,and equilibrium point {−0.00113, 0} is found.
We derived the Jacobian matrix for equation (7) given aswhere
The characteristic equation is formulated for the Jacobian matrix on the equilibrium point:
Corresponding eigenvalues are found as
and we have eigenvalues with one positive and negative value; hence, the equilibrium point can be a saddle node.
4. Dynamic Analysis
In this paper, we analyzed system (6) for different values to study the behavior during martensitic phase , transition phase , and austenitic phase .
4.1. Case (A) during Martensitic Phase
In this case, we considered low temperature , and dynamical behavior of the system during martensitic phase is analyzed. In the model, we supplied , , , , , and . Meanwhile, and, for the initial condition [0.6, 0], chaotic attractor is observed. Also, we have and, for the initial condition [0.5, 2], attracting tori is found. We present the phase portraits of chaotic attractor and tori in Figures 2(a) and 2(b) correspondingly.
(a)
(b)
The Lyapunov exponents are estimated using Wolf’s algorithm [30], for the runtime of 20,000 s. Figure 3(a) shows a positive Lyapunov exponent with value of 0.204674, and the positive Lyapunov exponent confirms that it is a chaotic attractor. In Figure 3(b), both Lyapunov exponents have negative value; hence, they are concluded as attracting tori.
(a)
(b)
We extend our investigation for special properties; in Figure 4, we show that the system holds symmetric chaotic attractor for initial conditions of [0.6, 0] and [−0.5, 0], which clearly explains the sensitiveness of the system with initial conditions. Similarly, in Figure 5, we show symmetricity of the attracting tori.
System (7) is analyzed for the property of bistability. In this section, we perform the bifurcation analysis for system (7). Bistability is dangerous in mechanical systems and makes the controllability complex. Hence, it is mandatory to analyze the existence of bistability in mechanical systems and explicate the region of such coexistence of attractors. We considered as bifurcation parameter and keep all the other parameters fixed. By plotting local maxima of the coordinate in terms of the increasing (or decreasing) parameter with step size of 0.0003, this approach is known as forward and backward continuation, representing a simple way to localize the window in which the system possesses multistability. The existence of bistability can be confirmed by comparing the forward (Figure 6, blue) and backward (Figure 6, red) bifurcation diagrams. The corresponding Lyapunov exponents are plotted in Figure 6(b).
(a)
(b)
The bifurcation plot in Figure 7(a) portrays the existence of bistability when varying the parameter. The maximum Lyapunov exponents for forward continuation are plotted with blue color and backward continuation is plotted with red color. Corresponding Lyapunov exponents are plotted in Figure 7(b).
(a)
(b)
A necessary tool for analyzing the bistability (coexistence of attractors) is the basin of attraction. All attractors, whether they are periodic oscillation, attracting tori, or strange attractors, are surrounded by a basin of attraction representing the set of initial conditions in the state space whose orbits approach and map out the attractor as time approaches infinity. Figure 8 depicts the cross section of the basin of attraction of two coexisting attractors in the x-y-plane. The plott is obtained for the parameter values as it is in (9). Initial conditions in the blue region lead to unbounded orbits, those in the yellow region lead to the chaotic attractor, and those in the cyan region lead to the attracting tori.
4.2. Case (B) during Transition Phase
The intermediate temperature where both austenite and martensite are stable is now considered. Unlike the previous case, the parameter does not have a big influence in this case. We plotted the phase portraits of the system for (Figure 9) and (Figure 10), both showing similar chaotic attractor. But we could observe symmetric properties from Figures 9(a) and 9(b).
(a)
(b)
However, variation in parameter still holds bistability. Figure 10 shows the existence of different oscillation in the system dynamics. We showed the bifurcation diagram for the range ; we can clearly identify the bistability portions 0 to 0.005 from Figure 11. In Figure 12, we present the basin of attraction in order to show the different attractors.
4.3. Case (C) during Austenitic Phase
In this case, the response of the system in higher temperature is investigated, where the austenitic phase is stable. During this phase, the system shows sustainable chaotic oscillations for different values as shown in Figure 12. Influence of parameter is analyzed using the bifurcation diagrams as shown in Figures 13 and 14. In Figure 13, we could see that varied from 0 to 1 and is taken as 0.01. Chaotic oscillation is observed and does not show bistability behavior. Similarly, while we increase the value to 0.1, the system does not show any bistability. Basin of attraction is also provided in Figure 15. It is worth noting that the three-leg supporter system suffers from bistability during martensitic (Figure 16) and transition phases but does not suffer from it if it operates in austenitic phase (higher temperature).
(a)
(b)
5. Conclusion
In this paper, a quasi-periodically excited three-leg supporter with shape memory alloy is investigated for bistability behavior. The existence of chaotic strange attractor and an attracting tori has been evolved and depicted in phase portraits; hence, it is clear that considering quasi-periodic excitation holds the property of bistability. Chaotic strange attractor is confirmed by showing positive Lyapunov exponents. The presence of symmetric behavior is revealed and shown for the corresponding initial conditions; this kind of behavior is interesting for controlling the system. Bifurcation plots presented in Section 4 show the behavioral changes of and ; hence, we can easily understand the bistability nature of the system for particular range of values. Cross section of basin of attraction is plotted for showing the pool of initial conditions, where we can get the chaotic attractor and the attracting tori. More importantly, in our study, we showed that the bistability behavior is present only during martensitic and transition phases and not in austenitic phase. We firmly believe that the analysis will be very helpful during designing and developing control algorithm of three-leg platform with shape memory alloys.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this paper are included within the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.