Research Article

Improved Laplacian Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm and Its Application to QAP

Table 1

Comparison results with incomplete variants and LxBBO on the 30-dimensional functions.

FunctionILxBBOLxBBOGLxBBODLxBBOOLxBBO
MeanStdRankMeanStdRankMeanStdRankMeanStdRankMeanStdRank

f10011.68e − 068.52e − 075001001001
f22.00e+051.04e+0513.04e + 061.09e + 0641.22e + 067.68e + 0533.99e + 052.05e + 0525.81e + 062.53e + 065
f31.09e+061.58e+0613.04e + 083.52e + 0854.23e + 064.07e + 0632.07e + 062.15e + 0629.41e + 069.30e + 064
f45.44e+003.83e+0012.26e + 031.27e + 0342.09e + 031.03e + 0331.42e + 015.01e + 0122.56e + 042.70e + 035
f59.14e144.56e1413.10e − 041.50e − 0451.09e − 132.23e − 1431.09e − 132.23e − 1431.03e − 133.41e − 142
f61.61e+011.40e+0115.73e + 012.64e + 0152.43e + 012.14e + 0132.16e + 011.73e + 0123.21e + 012.52e + 014
f71.10e+016.89e+0016.54e + 011.90e + 0151.56e + 016.84e + 0031.24e + 016.04e + 0021.72e + 017.01e + 004
f82.09e + 015.64e − 0242.09e + 016.83e − 0252.09e+013.83e0212.09e + 015.05e − 0232.09e + 014.51e − 022
f91.87e + 013.76e + 0022.40e + 014.06e + 0031.78e+014.28e+0012.73e + 011.51e + 0042.78e + 011.09e + 005
f102.22e − 011.35e − 0122.71e − 011.06e − 0133.22e − 011.39e − 0142.16e019.46e0213.53e − 011.59e − 015
f116.05e − 016.92e − 0131.98e021.39e0117.61e − 011.01e + 0055.46e − 016.39e − 0127.41e − 017.67e − 014
f122.73e + 017.36e + 0027.13e + 011.77e + 0152.67e+016.49e+0013.57e + 014.86e + 0043.57e + 013.94e + 003
f135.51e+011.86e+0111.36e + 023.45e + 0155.77e + 011.63e + 0126.54e + 011.03e + 0136.62e + 017.84e + 004
f144.38e + 014.06e + 0121.46e+016.32e+0014.70e + 015.12e + 0145.09e + 014.15e + 0154.55e + 014.26e + 013
f153.03e + 035.70e + 0224.00e + 037.73e + 0232.95e+035.10e+0214.17e + 032.16e + 0254.04e + 032.19e + 024
f161.66e + 002.17e − 0141.42e+003.58e0111.51e + 002.40e − 0121.70e + 002.22e − 0151.64e + 001.59e − 013
f173.28e + 015.61e − 0133.83e + 012.31e + 0053.24e+015.04e0113.32e + 016.57e − 0143.28e + 014.94e − 012
f187.19e + 011.61e + 0129.78e + 012.16e + 0156.55e+011.25e+0111.03e + 026.06e + 0041.01e + 026.33e + 003
f191.63e + 002.81e − 0122.51e + 006.66e − 0151.57e+002.54e0112.05e + 001.63e − 0141.89e + 001.89e − 013
f201.02e+014.98e0111.37e + 018.10e − 0151.03e + 014.84e − 0121.08e + 013.48e − 0131.09e + 013.88e − 014
f213.12e+024.59e+0113.23e + 026.91e + 0153.20e + 026.71e + 0133.21e + 026.03e + 0143.17e + 026.01e + 012
f221.24e + 027.47e + 0021.29e + 024.48e + 0151.22e+026.60e+0011.27e + 027.08e + 0041.26e + 028.69e + 003
f233.28e+035.44e+0215.03e + 038.30e + 0253.39e + 035.72e + 0224.43e + 033.72e + 0244.22e + 033.72e + 023
f242.08e + 023.55e + 0032.43e + 021.23e + 0152.09e + 023.76e + 0042.08e + 023.29e + 0022.09e+022.09e+021
f252.59e+021.30e+0112.87e + 021.15e + 0152.60e + 021.09e + 0122.68e + 021.55e + 0132.71e + 021.55e + 014
f262.00e+021.76e0212.09e + 023.41e + 0142.02e + 021.48e + 0132.00e + 023.84e − 0122.09e + 022.26e + 025
f273.76e+023.54e+0118.30e + 021.34e + 0253.80e + 023.24 + 0123.82e + 023.05e + 0133.92e + 022.95e + 014
f283.00e + 021.77e − 1332.96e+022.80e+0113.00e + 021.77e − 1333.00e + 021.72e − 1353.00e + 022.42e − 132
Count144922
Ave. Rank1.794.112.323.143.36
Total. Rank15234