Research Article

Improved Laplacian Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm and Its Application to QAP

Table 2

Comparison results among ILxBBO and BBO’s variants on the 30-dimensional functions.

FunctionValueTDBBOBIBBOBBOMDEBBOBLPSOWRBBOEMBBOBHCSILxBBO

f1Mean1.83e − 134.82e − 019.31e − 042.23e − 143.57e − 1303.12e − 143.21e − 130
Std9.12e − 141.98e − 011.30e − 046.83e − 141.46e − 1307.90e − 141.30e − 130
Rank598371461
f2Mean1.13e+052.50e + 078.02e + 062.08e + 077.40e + 051.01e + 071.42e + 072.22e + 052.00e + 05
Std6.23e+048.99e + 062.30e + 066.79e + 063.65e + 053.76e + 063.57e + 061.29e + 051.04e + 05
Rank195846732
f3Mean1.94e + 062.46e + e + 092.76e + 081.60e+057.16e + 088.85e + 051.29e + 091.02e + 081.09e + 06
Std4.80e + 062.65e + 091.25e + 082.83e+051.37e + 091.56e + 065.99e + 081.89e + 081.58e + 06
Rank496172853
f4Mean2.22e + 017.42e + 045.57e + 043.15e + 043.13e + 039.49e + 035.21e + 041.71e + 025.44e+00
Std1.45e + 011.96e + 045.30e + 034.49e + 031.04e + 031.76e + 036.49e + 034.97e − 133.83e+00
Rank298645731
f5Mean3.46e − 033.93e − 015.95e − 031.14e − 132.29e + 008.69e141.14e − 134.97e − 139.14e − 14
Std2.47e − 021.19e − 016.85e − 0401.27e + 014.87e1401.22e − 134.56e − 14
Rank687391352
f6Mean3.88e + 014.98e + 011.65e + 011.50e+014.87e + 011.91e + 011.95e + 011.50e + 011.61e + 01
Std2.71e + 012.71e + 011.92e + 001.49e012.65e + 011.19e + 013.85e + 001.65e + 011.40e + 01
Rank794185623
f7Mean5.48e + 001.09e + 025.95e + 014.77e + 009.10e + 015.33e011.01e + 029.53e + 011.10e + 01
Std4.90e + 002.47e + 014.70e + 001.95e + 002.47e + 014.39e011.11e + 014.36e + 016.89e + 00
Rank395261874
f8Mean2.10e + 012.10e + 012.09e + 012.09e + 012.09e + 012.09e + 012.09e + 012.10e + 012.09e+01
Std4.42e − 025.48e − 025.20e − 025.09e − 026.75e − 024.85e − 024.57e − 025.45e − 025.64e02
Rank795463281
f9Mean2.82e + 013.22e + 012.72e + 012.98e + 012.67e + 013.75e + 012.89e + 012.91e + 011.87e+01
Std1.44e + 003.53e + 001.18e + 001.61e + 002.84e + 001.54e + 001.73e + 004.66e + 003.76e+00
Rank483729561
f10Mean1.92e − 011.13e + 012.83e + 001.27e021.57e + 016.15e − 026.80e + 005.74e − 022.22e − 01
Std1.08e − 013.98e + 006.83e − 019.18e033.40e + 012.86e − 021.92e + 003.82e − 021.35e − 01
Rank486193725
f11Mean1.88e + 019.31e − 011.46e + 011.11e142.86e + 021.79e + 001.45e − 146.92e + 016.05e − 01
Std5.50e + 004.59e − 011.82e + 002.28e+005.10e + 011.24e + 002.50e − 142.61e + 016.92e − 01
Rank746195283
f12Mean4.20e + 016.94e + 016.04e + 018.87e + 013.12e + 021.64e + 021.45e + 028.39e + 012.73e+01
Std9.44e + 002.21e + 018.89e + 001.07e + 015.74e + 019.65e + 001.93e + 012.62e + 017.36e+00
Rank243698751
f13Mean8.10e + 011.47e + 021.19e + 021.19e + 024.47e + 021.60e + 021.77e + 021.64e + 025.51e+01
Std2.15e + 013.37e + 011.80e + 011.22e + 017.13e + 011.07e + 012.27e + 013.98e + 011.86e+01
Rank254396871
f14Mean7.89e + 025.35e + 003.57e + 024.60e + 012.27e + 032.66e + 024.08e035.27e + 034.38e + 01
Std2.59e + 021.80e + 008.98e + 011.04e + 013.71e + 021.28e + 028.35e037.53e + 024.06e + 01
Rank726485193
f15Mean3.32e + 034.56e + 033.21e + 035.47e + 033.25e + 037.23e + 033.84e + 034.69e + 033.03e+03
Std4.45e + 027.12e + 024.26e + 023.15e + 024.52e + 022.48e + 022.78e + 021.50e + 035.70e+02
Rank462839571
f16Mean1.04e + 001.87e + 008.23e − 012.17e + 002.15e − 012.43e + 001.21e + 002.40e + 001.66e + 00
Std2.25e − 014.84e − 011.84e − 013.05e − 018.60e − 022.72e − 011.89e − 015.00e − 012.17e − 01
Rank362719485
f17Mean5.75e + 013.45e + 016.17e + 023.39e + 012.02e + 024.98e + 013.04e+011.44e + 023.28e + 01
Std6.34e + 008.26e − 014.35e + 004.70e − 012.99e + 012.78e + 001.83e063.69e + 015.61e − 01
Rank649385172
f18Mean8.38e + 011.90e + 021.33e + 021.77e + 022.42e + 021.95e + 022.05e + 021.49e + 027.19e+01
Std8.07e + 002.64e + 011.62e + 011.13e + 015.25e + 019.97e + 001.68e + 014.78e + 011.61e+01
Rank263597841
f19Mean4.34e + 001.79e + 003.29e + 002.69e + 004.66e + 001.18e + 016.81e017.40e + 001.63e + 00
Std1.11e + 004.59e − 014.38e − 011.77e − 011.20e + 008.87e − 011.56e013.57e + 002.81e − 01
Rank635479182
f20Mean1.02e+011.37e + 011.30e + 011.17e + 011.45e + 011.19e + 011.25e + 011.27e + 011.02e + 01
Std4.29e017.39e − 011.48e + 012.93e − 012.17e − 012.51e − 014.19e − 018.15e − 014.98e − 01
Rank187394562
f21Mean3.41e + 023.14e + 022.42e + 022.63e + 023.17e + 022.92e + 022.18e+023.14e + 023.12e + 02
Std8.19e + 017.25e + 018.10e + 014.88e + 019.09e + 017.50e + 013.42e+017.82e + 014.59e + 01
Rank962384175
f22Mean6.57e + 021.10e + 023.86e + 021.60e + 023.04e + 031.49e + 022.99e+014.51e + 031.24e + 02
Std1.71e + 023.91e + 017.74e + 013.00e + 015.73e + 022.70e + 012.07e+011.45e + 037.47e + 00
Rank726584193
f23Mean3.50e + 035.25e + 033.66e + 035.63e + 034.11e + 037.28e + 034.67e + 035.70e + 033.28e+03
Std5.13e + 021.15e + 034.74e + 023.67e + 025.74e + 022.79e + 024.21e + 021.24e + 035.44e+02
Rank263749581
f24Mean2.14e + 022.76e + 022.63e + 022.01e + 022.85e + 022.00e+022.83e + 022.96e + 022.08e + 02
Std5.62e + 008.82e + 003.77e + 003.95e − 011.44e + 013.88e014.54e + 001.33e + 013.55e + 00
Rank465281793
f25Mean2.44e+022.94e + 022.96e + 022.50e + 023.31e + 022.86e + 022.98e + 023.08e + 022.59e + 02
Std2.47e+018.21e + 003.61e + 001.13e + 011.72e + 012.48e + 015.48e + 001.26e + 011.30e + 01
Rank156294783
f26Mean2.04e + 022.62e + 022.00e + 022.04e + 022.19e + 022.00e + 022.01e + 023.34e + 022.00e + 02
Std2.23e + 018.34e + 011.29e − 012.25e + 015.11e + 011.99e − 011.67e − 017.19e + 011.76e − 02
Rank581673492
f27Mean4.08e + 021.08e + 031.01e + 037.61e + 021.04e + 033.57e+024.67e + 021.06e + 033.76e + 02
Std4.48e + 011.05e + 023.08e + 012.41e + 021.09e + 021.38e+022.04e + 021.09e + 023.54e + 01
Rank396571482
f28Mean3.00e + 024.55e + 021.59e+023.00e + 022.76e + 033.00e + 022.63e + 023.76e + 023.00e + 02
Std3.10e − 133.52e + 028.49e+012.40e − 139.67e + 0207.67e + 014.07e + 021.77e − 13
Rank681593274
Count301405509
Ave. Rank4.296.614.794.116.934.714.646.432.36
Total. Rank386295471