A General Model of Population Dynamics Accounting for Multiple Kinds of Interaction

Figure 7

Phase space and trajectories for two populations involved in competition with positive intraspecific interaction. We used two different combinations of to see the influence of intraspecific cooperation and competition. (a) , and we have the case in which both populations are cooperative and two new solutions appear together with a basin towards the carrying capacity of the system. (b) , and we have the case in which both are competitive. Noting that when both populations are cooperative, partial carrying capacities appear and they are both unstable. And when both populations are competitive, partial extinctions appear instead although stable and below the carrying capacities. Here, .

(a)

(b)