PPPs Policy Entity Network Change and Policy Learning in Mainland China

Table 6

PPPs policy network entity network change and policy learning in China from 1995 to 2019.

		1995–2003	2004–2013	2014–2019
	Event	Lack of PPPs experience	Heavy government debt and burden	“Hot policy but cold implementation”
		Asian financial crisis	Financial crisis of 2007-2008	One Belt and Road Initiative
Policy entity network change	Policy entities	NPC-cored	MOF- and NDRC-cored	MOF and 8 other cored
	Network attributes	Partial-focus network with bad stability (low-scope and low-depth network)	Loose-multiactor network with general stability (low-scope and medium-depth network)	Balanced-multiactor network with good stability (high-scope and high-depth network)
Policy learning	Learning entities	NPC-cored	MOF- and NDRC-cored	MOF and 8 other cored
	Learning goals	Policy process	Policy instruments	Policy instruments
	Learning effects	Cognitive acceptance of PPPs mode: to attract FDI by BOT projects	Function change of PPPs mode: to fulfil public needs in public utilities by franchise	Normalizing the regulation and operation of PPPs mode: to control macroeconomy and ease financial burden by standardizing the operation of PPPs projects
	Types	Government learning	Lesson-drawing learning	Lesson-drawing learning