A Hybrid Approach Integrating Multiple ICEEMDANs, WOA, and RVFL Networks for Economic and Financial Time Series Forecasting

Table 10

The mean absolute percent error (MAPE) values with and without WOA optimization.

Dataset	Horizon	MICEEMDAN-WOA-RVFL	MICEEMDAN-RVFL
WTI	1	0.0036	0.0037
	3	0.0080	0.0082
	6	0.0113	0.0118
USD/EUR	1	0.0006	0.0006
	3	0.0015	0.0015
	6	0.0022	0.0023
IP	1	0.0012	0.0013
	3	0.0023	0.0023
	6	0.0032	0.0036
SSEC	1	0.0020	0.0020
	3	0.0044	0.0044
	6	0.0065	0.0066