A Hybrid Approach Integrating Multiple ICEEMDANs, WOA, and RVFL Networks for Economic and Financial Time Series Forecasting

Table 11

The root mean squared error (RMSE) values with and without WOA optimization.

Dataset	Horizon	MICEEMDAN-WOA-RVFL	MICEEMDAN-RVFL
WTI	1	0.2715	0.2824
	3	0.5953	0.6079
	6	0.8146	0.8485
USD/EUR	1	0.0009	0.0010
	3	0.0022	0.0022
	6	0.0033	0.0034
IP	1	0.2114	0.2362
	3	0.3875	0.4033
	6	0.5340	0.5531
SSEC	1	10.8115	10.7616
	3	22.2983	22.7456
	6	35.7201	36.3150