Universal Evolutionary Model for Periodical Species

<div>Simulation using full fitness tuple with values outside of the set <svg height="11.5564pt" id="M287" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 45.9137 11.5564" width="45.9137pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M293 -169V-141C218 -131 209 -90 209 -44C209 19 222 85 222 152C222 207 198 255 139 269V273C199 286 222 334 222 388C222 454 209 523 209 588C209 632 218 671 293 681V709C234 709 148 695 148 577C147 513 155 438 155 372C155 337 152 291 64 285V256C152 250 155 204 155 169C156 105 148 31 148 -41C148 -157 234 -169 293 -169Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.511,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.142,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.382,0)"><path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.525,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.765,0)"><path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.908,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.148,0)"><path d="M283 255V284C195 290 192 337 192 375C192 436 200 508 200 580C200 696 116 709 54 709V681C127 671 139 634 139 588C138 524 125 452 125 387C125 333 149 286 209 272V268C148 253 125 206 125 151C126 87 139 16 139 -47C139 -92 127 -131 54 -141V-169C115 -169 200 -152 200 -41C200 32 192 104 192 164C192 202 195 249 283 255Z"></path></g></svg> generates periods longer than 12 for both species, and the species <svg height="12.1958pt" id="M288" style="vertical-align:-3.181479pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.01432 15.4459 12.1958" width="15.4459pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M449 645C392 682 336 687 293 687C136 687 37 594 37 499C37 397 122 342 207 329C176 273 159 217 159 158C159 48 247 -15 356 -15C417 -15 478 3 530 39S626 128 626 187C626 256 580 290 508 290C402 290 311 187 311 65L333 63C344 171 423 247 491 247C528 247 562 225 562 173C562 97 470 15 360 15C284 15 243 61 243 125C243 176 255 240 312 324C552 324 781 473 781 594C781 642 748 669 685 669C547 669 336 527 229 361C151 369 78 413 78 501C78 604 200 657 301 657C336 657 381 657 437 626L449 645ZM331 355C443 513 593 632 690 632C723 632 740 619 740 592C740 534 671 464 576 416C501 377 411 354 332 354L331 355Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.361,3.132)"><path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"></path></g></svg> has periods 32, 34, 38, 39, and 40, as observed in some species of long-period masting bamboos.</div>

Complexity

Universal Evolutionary Model for Periodical Species

Figure 9