A Novel Segmentation Method for Furnace Flame Using Adaptive Color Model and Hybrid-Coded HLO

Table 3

The comparison metrics of flame segmentation of original images I–XV.

Original image	Method	Evaluation metrics
		False pixels	Correct pixels	ER (%)	DA (%)
Original image I	SCM	9325	135875	6.42	93.58
	ICA-KCM	30541	114659	21.03	78.97
	NCTCSM	6316	138884	4.35	95.65
	Proposed NACMM	4137	141063	2.85	97.15
Original image II	SCM	7800	112200	6.50	93.50
	ICA-KCM	11021	108979	9.18	90.82
	NCTCSM	10750	109250	8.96	91.04
	Proposed NACMM	6004	113996	5.00	95.00
Original image III	SCM	37648	59552	38.73	61.27
	ICA-KCM	26367	70833	27.13	72.87
	NCTCSM	9255	87945	9.52	90.48
	Proposed NACMM	5889	91311	6.06	93.94
Original image IV	SCM	2821	73979	3.67	96.33
	ICA-KCM	1721	75079	2.24	97.76
	NCTCSM	2319	74481	3.02	96.98
	Proposed NACMM	1545	75255	2.01	97.99
Original image V	SCM	28336	103964	21.42	78.58
	ICA-KCM	2686	129614	2.03	97.97
	NCTCSM	2538	129762	1.92	98.08
	Proposed NACMM	2194	130106	1.66	98.34
Original image VI	SCM	7050	112950	5.88	94.13
	ICA-KCM	2667	117333	2.22	97.78
	NCTCSM	2495	117505	2.08	97.92
	Proposed NACMM	1430	118570	1.19	98.81
Original image VII	SCM	4156	115844	3.46	96.54
	ICA-KCM	14387	105613	11.99	88.01
	NCTCSM	1957	118043	1.63	98.37
	Proposed NACMM	1884	118116	1.57	98.43
Original image VIII	SCM	7371	79329	8.50	91.50
	ICA-KCM	4135	82565	4.77	95.23
	NCTCSM	3569	83131	4.12	95.88
	Proposed NACMM	2488	84212	2.87	97.13
Original image IX	SCM	23723	134977	14.95	85.05
	ICA-KCM	2369	156331	1.49	98.51
	NCTCSM	2401	156299	1.51	98.49
	Proposed NACMM	737	157963	0.46	99.54
Original image X	SCM	32349	140451	18.72	81.28
	ICA-KCM	28058	144742	16.24	83.76
	NCTCSM	21830	150970	12.63	87.37
	Proposed NACMM	9838	162962	5.69	94.31
Original image XI	SCM	10153	66647	13.22	86.78
	ICA-KCM	5626	71174	7.33	92.67
	NCTCSM	3887	72913	5.06	94.94
	Proposed NACMM	2696	74104	3.51	96.49
Original image XII	SCM	27593	49207	35.93	64.07
	ICA-KCM	3579	73221	4.66	95.34
	NCTCSM	2356	74444	3.07	96.93
	Proposed NACMM	1630	75170	2.12	97.88
Original image XIII	SCM	11965	74735	13.80	86.20
	ICA-KCM	5167	81533	5.96	94.04
	NCTCSM	4446	82254	5.13	94.87
	Proposed NACMM	2551	84149	2.94	97.06
Original image XIV	SCM	59654	60346	49.71	50.29
	ICA-KCM	25457	94543	21.21	78.79
	NCTCSM	10266	109734	8.56	91.45
	Proposed NACMM	5325	114675	4.44	95.56
Original image XV	SCM	8268	59232	12.25	87.75
	ICA-KCM	7025	60475	10.41	89.59
	NCTCSM	6809	60691	10.09	89.91
	Proposed NACMM	5554	61946	8.23	91.77
All original images	SCM	278212	1379288	16.79	83.21
	ICA-KCM	170806	1486694	10.31	89.69
	NCTCSM	91194	1566306	5.50	94.50
	Proposed NACMM	53902	1603598	3.25	96.75

The best results are marked in bold. Higher values of DA and lower values of ER indicate better accuracies.