Levenberg–Marquardt Backpropagation for Numerical Treatment of Micropolar Flow in a Porous Channel with Mass Injection

Ullah, Hakeem; Khan, Imran; AlSalman, Hussain; Islam, Saeed; Asif Zahoor Raja, Muhammad; Shoaib, Muhammad; Gumaei, Abdu; Fiza, Mehreen; Ullah, Kashif; Mizanur Rahman, Sk. Md.; Ayaz, Muhammad

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5337589

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Frontiers in Data-Driven Methods for Understanding, Prediction, and Control of Complex Systems 2021

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5337589 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5337589

Levenberg–Marquardt Backpropagation for Numerical Treatment of Micropolar Flow in a Porous Channel with Mass Injection

Hakeem Ullah,¹Imran Khan,¹Hussain AlSalman,²Saeed Islam,¹Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja,³Muhammad Shoaib,⁴Abdu Gumaei,⁵Mehreen Fiza,¹Kashif Ullah,¹Sk. Md. Mizanur Rahman,⁶and Muhammad Ayaz¹

Academic Editor: Murari Andrea

Received08 Jun 2021

Accepted19 Nov 2021

Published13 Dec 2021

Abstract

In this research work, an effective Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm-based artificial neural network (LMA-BANN) model is presented to find an accurate series solution for micropolar flow in a porous channel with mass injection (MPFPCMI). The LMA is one of the fastest backpropagation methods used for solving least-squares of nonlinear problems. We create a dataset to train, test, and validate the LMA-BANN model regarding the solution obtained by optimal homotopy asymptotic (OHA) method. The proposed model is evaluated by conducting experiments on a dataset acquired from the OHA method. The experimental results are obtained by using mean square error (MSE) and absolute error (AE) metric functions. The learning process of the adjustable parameters is conducted with efficacy of the LMA-BANN model. The performance of the developed LMA-BANN for the modelled problem is confirmed by achieving the best promise numerical results of performance in the range of E-05 to E-08 and also assessed by error histogram plot (EHP) and regression plot (RP) measures.

1. Introduction

A few years ago, Eringen [1, 2] firstly presented the idea of micropolar fluids. Theories of non-Newtonian fluid are developed to describe the behavior of the fluid that does not obey Newton’s law, such as micropolar fluids. This fluid summarizes specific non-Newtonian behaviors, such as liquid with polymer additives, liquid crystals, animal blood particles, suspensions, and topographic features. The governing equations of many physical problems are nonlinear in nature and cannot be solved analytically; therefore, the scientist developed some approximate and numerical techniques, such as perturbation-based methods [3, 4], homotopy perturbation-based methods [5–7], homotopy analysis-based methods [8–10], collocation-based method [11–18], and Adomian decomposition-based methods [19, 20]. Among these methods, artificial intelligence (AI)-based numerical methods have been broadly designed for solving differential equations in several diverse applications [21–23]. A few latest research works to solve the problems of nonlinear systems include the study introduced for local fractional partial differential equations [24], fourth-order nonlinear differential equations [25], Riccati equation control of nonlinear uncertain systems [26], analytic solution of micropolar flow using the homotopy analysis method [27], and pantograph delay differential equation [28]. However, these numerical-based methods need discretization and improved linearization techniques, which only allow computing the solution for certain standards variables and required huge computer memory and time. For optimizing the results, convergence and stability should be considered to avoid divergence. The perturbative methods required the assumption of small parameters, which is itself an issue. Besides, there is no study yet has been applied a fast backpropagation method for finding an accurate series solution to micropolar flow in a porous channel with mass injection (MPFPCMI).

Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm-based artificial neural network (LMA-BANN) model to solve the nonlinear governing equation of MPFPCMI. The contributions and mechanisms of the proposed work fall under following points:(i)The LMA-BANN model is developed to analyze MPFPCMI for diverse scenarios on variants of physical parameters.(ii)The dataset for LMA-BANN is obtained by variations of different parameters with the help of the OHA method.(iii)The validity and accuracy of LMA-BANN are confirmed by comparing its results at different cases and scenarios. The results of training, testing, and validation are subjected by displaying the MPFPCMI for diverse scenarios.(iv)The MSE metric function, EHP, and RP results are obtained with the help of plots to show the performance of LMA-BANN for finding an accurate series solution of MPFPCMI successfully.

2. Problem Formulations

Consider the steady, incompressible, and laminar flow of micropolar fluid along two-dimensional channel with porous walls. The mass fluid is introduced with speed q. The walls of the channel are adjusted at y = ±h, where 2h is the width of the channel [29, 30]. The fundamental equations governing are as follows [31, 32]:

The suitable conditions for physical boundaries are as follows [26, 27]:

The symmetric flow (SF) is as follows [33]:

Here, q greater than zero relates to suctions, q less than zero corresponds to injections, and “s” is a finite-parameters worn to model the degree to which microelements in the region of the channel walls are free to rotate, e.g., as “s” is equal to zero is the case where microelements near the boundary cannot turn around when s = 0.5, the situation of microrotation is identical to the velocity of the fluid at the end. Kelson et al. [29] developed the following equations:where

The Navier–Stokes equations (1)–(4) decrease via applying equations (7) and (8):

Dimensionless parameters are established as follows:

When viscosity parameter (Re) is more significant than zero used for suction and less than for injection, the BCs are

The SF is as follows:

By applying Kelson et al. [29], we put

The BCs are as follows:

3. Numerical Experimental Results with Discussion

A short overview of the scheme proposed for finding the proposed LMA-BANN numerical experimentation continuity and momentum equations, i.e., 2–4, based on MPFPCMI is accessible in this section. The proposed structure of stepwise flow is presented in Figure 1 by using “nftool” of the NN tool-box existed in MATLAB. LMA-BANN is implemented for two-layer structures that include single input hidden and output of feed-forward network by LMA-based backpropagation process. Figure 2 demonstrates the structural design of ANN based on ten neuron numbers with a data-sigmoid activation function.

A reference dataset for LMA-BANN for equations (14) and (15) is created between intervals [0, 1] for 201 input grids. Now, 80 percent of data are used for training as 10 percent is for testing and 10 percent is for validation in the event of a 2-layer feed-forward ANN structure fitting tool with LMA backpropagation to solve all problems of MPFPCMI. Training data are used to establish the estimated solution on the source of the MSE, validation data are used to LMA-BANN, and even as test data are used to assess the truthful input performance.

Figures 3 and 4 show the effects of LMA-BANN performance represented by error histograms and fitting of solutions for two cases of the MPFPCMI scenario, while the regression tests are shown in Figure 5 for two cases of the MPFPCMI scenario. Furthermore, the MSE, number epochs, and other convergence parameters for training, validation, and testing data are tabulated in Tables 1 and 2, for two cases of the MPFPCMI scenario. Also, in Figures 3(a) and 3(c) of the MPFPCMI scenario, the convergence of MSE for the train, validation, and test process is provided for the two cases of the MPFPCMI. The best network performance for different scenarios is 9.889E − 13 at 110 epochs and 9.889E − 13 at 110 epochs. The gradient and step-size Mu of backpropagation nearly [9.8879 × 10⁻⁰⁸ and 9.8879 × 10⁻⁰⁸] and [10⁻¹¹, 10⁻¹¹] are as shown in Figures 3(b) and 3(d). The results indicate the exact and convergent output for each case of the LMA-BANN.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

The result obtained by LMA-BANN is achieved with the numerical outcome of the OHA method for two cases scenario, and the outcomes are shown in Figures 4(b) and 4(d) with the input points between {0–1} and step-size 1/100. The considerable error attained for training, testing, and validation statistics by planned ANN-LMM is less than 0.9 × 10⁻⁰⁶ and −0.9 × 10⁻⁰⁶ for the two cases of the scheme design. For each input stage, the error dynamics are further evaluated by error histograms, and results are given in Figures 4(a) and 4(c) for two cases of the MPFPCMI scenario. The error with 20-bin is nearly −1.4E − 08 and −1.4E − 08 for scenarios of MPFPCMI.

The outcomes for solving the LMA-BANN for different scenarios are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The output of LMA-BANN is about 10⁻¹³ to 10⁻¹² and 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻¹¹ for scenarios of MPFPCMI. The reliable output of LMA-BANN for explaining MPFPCMI is illustrated in these results. The results of LMA-BANN for the velocity and the profiles for the scenarios are therefore calculated. The experimental results of LMA-BANN are obtained for the velocity profiles of the adopted scenarios. The outcomes of profiles are shown in Figures 6–8 of the three scenarios of the MPFPCMI. Increasing the value of increases the velocity in x-direction and mass injection. The order to access the correctness gauges, the outcomes of LMA-BANN matched with the OHA method solutions in situations, and absolute errors (AEs) with references are calculated, and results are displayed in Figures 6(b), 7(b), and 8(b) for the three scenarios of the MPFPCMI. The AE is about 10⁻⁰⁵ to 10⁻⁰⁴, 10⁻⁰⁶ to 10⁻⁰⁷, 10⁻⁰⁴ to 10⁻⁰⁷, 10⁻⁰⁵ to 10⁻⁰⁴, 10 ⁻⁰⁵ to 10⁻⁰⁶, 10 ⁻⁰⁶ to 10⁻⁰⁸, 10 ⁻⁰⁶ to 10⁻⁰⁴, 10 ⁻⁰⁵ to 10⁻⁰⁶, and 10⁻⁰⁵ to 10⁻⁰⁶ for Re = 1, Re = 6, and Re = 20 and Re = 1, Re = 10, and Re = 20 of the scenarios. All these numerical and also graphical figures validated the reliable, convergent, and effective relationship of the LMA-BANN computing approach for solving the variants of MPFPCMI. In Figure 7(a), the special effects of the Reynolds numbers on the profile of the velocity index are presented. For the velocity index , the Reynolds numbers increase with increasing the velocity index of the injection case. The direct effect of the Reynolds number on the rotation profile of the fluid is presented in Figure 8(a). By increasing the Reynolds number, the rotational profile index of the fluid flow reduces up to , and then the rotation profile increases with the increase in the Reynolds number. Increasing the Reynolds number with a minimum rotation occurred does not make it move away from the origin of the channel.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

According to the results in Table 1, we can see that the model achieves the values 2.07665E − 12, 4.16509E − 9, and 2.3595E − 10 of the MSE on the test data for cases 1, 2, and 3, when the number of epochs are 121, 214, and 223, respectively. We notice that all these values of the MSE are too low, confirming the effectiveness of the model. However, the lowest value is obtained for case 1 at the smallest value of epoch’s number. In addition, from the results in Table 2, it obvious that the model gets the values 1.08132E − 9, 4.7336E − 10, and 8.78423E − 11 for the test data at epoch’s number 92, 329, and 177 and through the settings of case 1, case 2, and case 3. The lowest value is obtained for case 3 at epoch’s number 177, which is also an acceptable number of epochs. This also confirms the efficiency of the LMA-BANN model. Finally, from Figures 6(b)–8(b), we can see that lowest values of error plot are for Re = 10 for all scenarios, which means that this value is suitable for Re parameter.

4. Conclusion

The LMA-BANN is used as an artificial intelligence-based integrated method to find an accurate series solution for the MPFPCMI. The partial differential equations (PDEs) system of the MPFPCMI is converted to the order differential equations (ODEs) system by using the ability of similarity variables. The OHA method is used for producing the dataset of the MPFPCMI. Different measurable quantity of a set of metrics is utilized for evaluating the developed model. For training the model, a percentage equals to 80% of the data used, and a percentage of 10% from the remaining is used for testing, as well as the last 10% of the reference data is applied for validating the LMA-BANN model. The near values of both planned and reference outcomes matching of level between 10⁻⁰⁵ to 10⁻⁰⁷ confirm the rightness of solution, and supposed feature is additional authentic via numerical and graphical design of for the convergence of MSE, AE, error histogram plot, and regression plot measures. After this assurance, the results are demonstrated for the rotating and velocity profile when there are different values of Reynolds number and viscosity parameter (Re). From the numerical results of the problem, we get that increasing the value of decreases the velocity in x-direction and mass injection. Moreover, the experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the LMA-BANN model for accurate analysis of MPFPCMI. In future work, we plan to apply the designed model for finding a solution to another nonlinear system with a large dataset and with different percentages of testing for more analyzing and investigating.

Abbreviations

:	Magnetic field
:	Fluid concentration
:	Specific heat
:	Non-Newtonian parameter
:	Electric field intensity
:	Mass flux
:	Material constants
:	Kinematic tensors
:	Thermal conductivity
:	Magnetic parameter
:	Number density of electron
:	Origin
:	Fluid pressure
:	Prandtl number
:	Heat flux
:	Radioactive heat flux
:	Viscosity parameter
:	Cauchy stress tensor
:	Flow time
:	Fluid temperature
, , :	Velocities components
:	Coordinates.

Greek Letters

:	Thermal diffusivity
:	Vertex viscosity
:	Dynamic viscosity
:	Kinematic coefficient of viscosity
:	Base fluid density
:	Density of the particles .

Data Availability

All the relevant data are included within the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest about the publication of the research article.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Researchers Supporting Project (number RSP-2021/244), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Copyright © 2021 Hakeem Ullah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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