SPA-Based Modified Local Reachability Density Ratio wSVDD for Nonlinear Multimode Process Monitoring

Figure 5

Monitoring results for fault 13 of Mode 3 by (a) KPCA, (b) conventional SVDD, (c) LDR-wSVDD, and (d) SmLRDR-wSVDD.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)