Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Models for Estimating Lengths of Gradually Varied Flow Profiles

Table 3

Comparison of different methods for calculating distance of GVFs with steep slopes.

Method	RMSE	MARE		RAE	MAE	RSE
Direct method (1-step)	191.75	0.26	0.96	0.18	735.29	0.12
Direct method (3-step)	142.51	0.1	0.97	0.06	242.64	0.02
Direct method (5-step)	135.56	0.07	0.98	0.03	132.61	0.01
ANN (this study)	110.17	0.73	0.98	0.15	627.09	0.04
GP (this study)	54.05	0.27	1	0.08	321.89	0.01