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| Name | Description | Effect on optimization | Examples |
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| Vertical integration | It integrates all logical layers within an organization, starting from the production floor to the business layer. | + | [34, 35] |
| Horizontal integration | It integrates data transfer across multiple production facilities or even the entire supply chain. A horizontally integrated company concentrates on the kinds of activities that are closely related to its competencies; moreover, it builds partnerships to support the end-to-end value chain. | + | [36, 37] |
| End-to-end engineering | It describes a process that takes a system or service from beginning to end and delivers a complete functional solution, usually without needing to obtain anything from a third party. | + | [38, 39] |
| Smart factory | It is a highly digitized and connected production facility that relies on smart manufacturing where the final goal is to organize the production facilities and logistics systems without human intervention. | ++++ | [40, 41] |
| Product personalization | It is a process of delivering customized goods and services to the customers as per their needs and desires. | ++ | [42] |
| Virtualization | It is the creation of a virtual—rather than actual—version of something, such as an operating system or production process. | ++++ | [43, 44] |
| Decentralization | It is a structure, where the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a centralized infrastructure. | +++ | [45, 46] |
| Flexibility | It is the ability to react to changes within a predetermined scope of requirements (corridor of action) time- and cost-effectively. | +++++ | [47, 48] |
| Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability | It is a self-regulating business model that helps a company to be socially accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. | ++++++ | [49, 50] |
| Real-time capability | It is the ability of a device or system to collect and analyze data as well as to respond instantaneously to a command, event, or input. | ++++++++ | [51, 52] |
| Modularity | It determines which independent and interlocking subsystems build the system based on their functionality. | +++ | [53, 54] |
| Interoperability | It is the ability of systems to exchange information of unambiguous meaning. | +++ | [55, 56] |
| Smart product | It is a data processing object, which has several interactive functions. It combines the physical and software interfaces; moreover, the usage of a smart product is interactive as well as requires also some cognitive work by the user. | +++ | [57, 58] |
| Autonomy | It is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous organizations, institutions, machines, or systems are independent or self-governing. | ++ | [59, 60] |
| Agility | It is defined as the ability of firms to sense environmental change and respond readily. | ++ | [61, 62] |
| Service orientation | It offers a service (of cyber-physical systems, humans, or smart factories) via the Internet of Services. | ++ | [63, 64] |
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