Industrial Structure, R&D Staff, and Green Total Factor Productivity of China: Evidence from the Low-Carbon Pilot Cities

Table 2

The input and output factors of GTFP.

Indicator	Secondary indicator	Measurement
Input27	Labor input	Number of nonagricultural employments of the city at the end of the year (million)
	Capital investment	Capital stock calculated by Goldsmith’s perpetual inventory method (million yuan)
	Energy input	Total annual electricity consumption of the city (billion kWh)
Desirable output10	Economic output	Real GDP calculated based on 2003 (million yuan)
	Ecological benefits	The urban green coverage rate of the city
		The comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste
Undesirable output10	Pollution index	Comprehensive calculation of industrial wastewater, waste gas, and waste solid’s production (million ton) based on the entropy method