Grandparental Childcare and Second Birth in China: Evidence from a Dynamic Model and Empirical Study

Table 4

Propensity score matching results: average treatment effect of grandparenting on the birth of the second child.

	Mean		ATT	S.E.	T-stat
	Treated	Controls
Sample size	14,213	46,836	—	—	—
Before matching	0.509	0.424	0.085	0.005	17.93
After matching
(i) NNM	0.509	0.455	0.054	0.008	6.89
(ii) RM	0.509	0.453	0.056	0.006	9.65
(iii) KM	0.509	0.453	0.056	0.006	9.59

ATT: average treatment effect on the treated; S.E.: standard errors.