Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households’ Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China

Table 2

Descriptive statistics for independent variables.

Variables	Frequency (%)	Mean	Sd (range)	Type
Level 1 (n = 10,493)
Sex (male as reference)		0.29		Dichotomous
Male	71.10
Female	28.90
Age		65.12	12.12 (8–98)	Continuous
Ethnicity (Han as reference)		0.19		Dichotomous
Han	80.83
Others	19.17
Education (illiterate as reference)		2.34		Categorical
Illiterate	9.98
Primary school	49.13
Middle school	37.29
High school	3.32
Others	0.28
Disease (none as reference)		0.57		Categorical
None	49.19
Chronic disease	44.81
Serious disease	6.00
Disability (none as reference)		0.42		Dichotomous
None	57.90
Disabled	42.10
Labor capacity (no ability as reference)		0.28		Dichotomous
No ability	72.35
Normal ability	27.65
Household size		1.69	0.74 (1–6)	Continuous
Dependency ratio		0.70	0.43 (0–1)	Continuous
Education burden (one or more students as reference)		0.91		Dichotomous
None	91.33
One or more students	8.67
Social welfare (none as reference)		0.66		Dichotomous
None	33.99
Dibao or Wubao	66.01
Off-farm work (none as reference)		0.12		Categorical
None	88.03
Work in town	11.24
Work out of town	0.73
Level 2 (n = 200)
Arable land		6.38	3.91 (0.64–26.02)	Continuous
Village size		546.35	429.81 (58–2,640)	Continuous
Hollowing rate		0.50	0.24 (0–0.98)	Continuous
Number of poor		88.43	96.69 (2–624)	Continuous
Poverty incidence		0.16	0.09 (0.01–0.57)	Continuous
Economic level		5820	1,388 (3,528–12,076)	Continuous
Minority ratio		0.32	0.38 (0–1)	Continuous
Distance to county road		12.25	10.02 (0.06–44.57)	Continuous
Distance to township road		6.02	6.70 (0.01–29.86)	Continuous
Distance to river		3.22	4.39 (0.03–19)	Continuous
Distance to town		8.84	6.94 (0.07–30.13)	Continuous
Distance to county center		56.36	36.48 (2.15–149.73)	Continuous
Average altitude		531.10	156.48 (216–852)	Continuous
Topographic relief		439.67	152.86 (114–1048)	Continuous
Average slope		11.42	2.86 (3.45–17.95)	Continuous
Average rainfall		615.08	13.97 (593–645)	Continuous
Average temperature		4.79	1.05 (1.44–6.48)	Continuous