Research Article
Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households’ Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China
| | Fixed effects | Random effects | Coefficient | S.E. | T-ratio | S.D. | x2 |
| Intercept | 5453.65 | 233.62 | 23.34 | 1185.51 | 98.94 | Sex (male as reference) | −539.83 | 83.18 | −6.49 | 502.31 | 5.56 | Age | 6.15 | 4.87 | 1.26 | 25.90 | 4.05 | Ethnicity (Han as reference) | 177.74 | 108.40 | 1.64 | 615.10 | 8.11 | Education (illiterate as reference) | | | | | | Primary school | 83.84 | 93.77 | 0.89 | 170.68 | 0.31 | Middle school | 114.71 | 115.07 | 1.00 | 316.84 | 1.41 | High school | −207.07 | 173.10 | −1.20 | 542.33 | 9.97 | Others | −323.67 | 590.39 | −0.55 | 2,616.12 | 3.24 | Disease (none as reference) | | | | | | Chronic disease | −660.44 | 169.26 | −3.90 | 1,406.45 | 8.08 | Serious disease | −866.95 | 176.88 | −4.90 | 1,028.38 | 2.77 | Disability (none as reference) | −358.18 | 159.00 | −2.25 | 1,221.05 | 2.73 | Labor capacity (no ability as reference) | 1,027.23 | 127.58 | 8.05 | 955.31 | 4.53 | Household size | −764.28 | 67.56 | −11.31 | 476.92 | 4.83 | Dependency ratio | −589.25 | 124.84 | −4.72 | 867.33 | 2.49 | Education burden (one or more students as reference) | 172.82 | 117.56 | 1.47 | 386.96 | 0.65 | Social relief (none as reference) | 457.61 | 113.28 | 4.04 | 1,002.61 | 5.38 | Off-farm work (none as reference) | | | | | | Work in town | 1,510.34 | 189.03 | 7.99 | 1,631.73 | 30.60 | Work out of town | 2,136.57 | 1,092.89 | 1.96 | 6,472.54 | 13.81 | Level 1 | | | | 3,171.38 | |
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