Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households’ Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China

Table 4

Results of model 2.

	Fixed effects			Random effects
	Coefficient	S.E.	T-ratio	S.D.	x^2
Intercept	5453.65	233.62	23.34	1185.51	98.94
Sex (male as reference)	−539.83	83.18	−6.49	502.31	5.56
Age	6.15	4.87	1.26	25.90	4.05
Ethnicity (Han as reference)	177.74	108.40	1.64	615.10	8.11
Education (illiterate as reference)
Primary school	83.84	93.77	0.89	170.68	0.31
Middle school	114.71	115.07	1.00	316.84	1.41
High school	−207.07	173.10	−1.20	542.33	9.97
Others	−323.67	590.39	−0.55	2,616.12	3.24
Disease (none as reference)
Chronic disease	−660.44	169.26	−3.90	1,406.45	8.08
Serious disease	−866.95	176.88	−4.90	1,028.38	2.77
Disability (none as reference)	−358.18	159.00	−2.25	1,221.05	2.73
Labor capacity (no ability as reference)	1,027.23	127.58	8.05	955.31	4.53
Household size	−764.28	67.56	−11.31	476.92	4.83
Dependency ratio	−589.25	124.84	−4.72	867.33	2.49
Education burden (one or more students as reference)	172.82	117.56	1.47	386.96	0.65
Social relief (none as reference)	457.61	113.28	4.04	1,002.61	5.38
Off-farm work (none as reference)
Work in town	1,510.34	189.03	7.99	1,631.73	30.60
Work out of town	2,136.57	1,092.89	1.96	6,472.54	13.81
Level 1				3,171.38

Note:; ; .