Investigating the Effect of VR + Haptics Approach on Students’ Flow Experience and Outcomes: An Empirical Study on VR Laparoscopy

Table 1

Demographics of participants.

Variables	Control group	Experimental group
Num. of participants	17	20
Mean value of ages	21.90	21.95
Gender	49%	51%
Male	9	7
Female	7	13
Gaming frequency (1–5 Likert scale)	2.12	1.4
Num. of left-handed participants	0	1
Experience in surgical skills training	76.4%	55%
Other experience with any VR training	0%	0%