Investigating the Effect of VR + Haptics Approach on Students’ Flow Experience and Outcomes: An Empirical Study on VR Laparoscopy

<table class="table-group" id="tab4"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left" rowspan="2"> </td><td class="align_center" colspan="2">Experimental group (VR + haptics) (<i>N</i> = 20)</td><td class="align_center" colspan="2">Control group (without haptics) (<i>N</i> = 17)</td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_center">Mean</td><td class="align_center">SD</td><td class="align_center">Mean</td><td class="align_center">SD</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="5"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">AVG HR</td><td class="align_center">92.9603</td><td class="align_center">11.65552</td><td class="align_center">96.5088</td><td class="align_center">11.47144</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Min HR</td><td class="align_center">85.2439</td><td class="align_center">10.51613</td><td class="align_center">85.4878</td><td class="align_center">10.38538</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Max HR</td><td class="align_center">101.6829</td><td class="align_center">12.56073</td><td class="align_center">107.2927</td><td class="align_center">12.05455</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="5"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Descriptive statistics of the control group and experimental group on heart rate.</div>

Complexity

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Table 4

Table 4: Investigating the Effect of VR + Haptics Approach on Students’ Flow Experience and Outcomes: An Empirical Study on VR Laparoscopy 