Unintended Consequences of Agricultural Participation in Voluntary Carbon Markets: Their Nature and Avoidance

Table 1

Total and average program costs at $30/tCO₂e.

	Mandatory	Per unit	Per unit plus constraints
Net offsets (in million tons CO2e)	169.39	99.85	124.33
Participants’ offsets (in million tons CO2e)	—	146.33	165.79
Total program costs (in million $)	5,081.68	6,266.10	6,555.77
Average program costs (in $/ton CO2e)	30.00	62.75	52.73