Research Article
Unintended Consequences of Agricultural Participation in Voluntary Carbon Markets: Their Nature and Avoidance
Table 6
Percentage offset in carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from the usage of a biofeedstock.
| Commodity | Liquid fuels | Cofired electricity | Electricity | Crop ethanol | Cellulosic ethanol | Biodiesel | 5% | 10% | 15% | 20% | Fire 100% |
| Corn | 17.2 | | | | | | | | Hard red winter wheat | 16.1 | | | | | | | | Sorghum | 27.8 | | | | | | | | Sugarcane | 64.9 | | | | | | | | Soybean oil | | | 95.0 | | | | | | Corn oil | | | 39.1 | | | | | | Switchgrass | | 56.7 | | 86.3 | 86.5 | 86.2 | 86.0 | 75.1 | Poplar | | 52.6 | | 84.1 | 84.4 | 84.1 | 83.8 | 71.3 | Willow | | 62.8 | | 90.9 | 91.0 | 90.8 | 90.7 | 83.4 | Softwood log residue | | 79.3 | | 99.2 | 99.1 | 99.1 | 99.0 | 97.3 | Hardwood log residue | | 79.4 | | 99.0 | 98.9 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 96.3 | Corn cropping residue | | 69.8 | | 89.2 | 89.4 | 89.2 | 89.0 | 80.1 | Wheat cropping residue | | 56.4 | | 93.3 | 93.4 | 93.2 | 93.1 | 87.2 | Manure | | | | 99.5 | 99.4 | 99.2 | 99.1 | 96.4 | Bagasse | | 95.7 | | 98.1 | 98.1 | 98.1 | 98.0 | 96.5 | Lignin | | | | 91.3 | 91.5 | 91.3 | 91.2 | 85.8 | Lignin hardwood | | | | 91.4 | 91.5 | 91.4 | 91.2 | 85.7 | Lignin softwood | | | | 96.2 | 96.3 | 96.2 | 96.2 | 94.1 |
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