|
Indicator | Papers |
|
Objective metrics |
Number of new products and services | García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53] |
Number of technological innovations | García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53] |
Dummy of introduction of new products or new technological processes | Friesenbichler and Peneder [55] |
Participation in international research activities | Davcik and Cardinali [56] |
Implementation of innovations aimed at lean manufacturing | De et al. [30] |
Number of patents | Teplova and Sokolova [57] |
Existence of R&D expenses for the reporting year | Teplova and Sokolova [57] |
Share of R&D expenses in revenue | Teplova and Sokolova [57]; Friesenbichler and Peneder [55] |
Intangible assets in total assets | Teplova and Sokolova [57] |
Share of employees involved in R&D in the total number of employees | Kim and Hemmert [58] |
|
Subjective metrics |
Market innovation in products and processes | García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53] |
Responsiveness to new products or technological innovations | García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53] |
The ability to develop your own innovations | Martinez-Roman and Romero [43]; Friesenbichler and Peneder [55] |
The ability to implement the acquired technologies | Martinez-Roman and Romero [43] |
«Accumulation of knowledge»: focus on the use of internal developments in technological processes, which determines technological leadership | Friesenbichler and Peneder [55] |
|