The Multifaceted Sustainable Development and Export Intensity of Emerging Market Firms under Financial Constraints: The Role of ESG and Innovative Activity

Table 1

Overview of indicators of innovative activity and innovations.

Indicator	Papers
Objective metrics
Number of new products and services	García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53]
Number of technological innovations	García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53]
Dummy of introduction of new products or new technological processes	Friesenbichler and Peneder [55]
Participation in international research activities	Davcik and Cardinali [56]
Implementation of innovations aimed at lean manufacturing	De et al. [30]
Number of patents	Teplova and Sokolova [57]
Existence of R&D expenses for the reporting year	Teplova and Sokolova [57]
Share of R&D expenses in revenue	Teplova and Sokolova [57]; Friesenbichler and Peneder [55]
Intangible assets in total assets	Teplova and Sokolova [57]
Share of employees involved in R&D in the total number of employees	Kim and Hemmert [58]
Subjective metrics
Market innovation in products and processes	García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53]
Responsiveness to new products or technological innovations	García-Pérez-de-Lema et al. [53]
The ability to develop your own innovations	Martinez-Roman and Romero [43]; Friesenbichler and Peneder [55]
The ability to implement the acquired technologies	Martinez-Roman and Romero [43]
«Accumulation of knowledge»: focus on the use of internal developments in technological processes, which determines technological leadership	Friesenbichler and Peneder [55]