Research Article

The Multifaceted Sustainable Development and Export Intensity of Emerging Market Firms under Financial Constraints: The Role of ESG and Innovative Activity

Table 4

Overview of ESG indicators.

IndicatorPapers

Environmental indicators
Environmental management (environmental risk manager, waste manager, and environmental policy)Escrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Packaging materials recycled and reusedEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Protection of biodiversityEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Soil contamination and landscape impactsEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]; Wagner [74]
Air emissions (CO2, SO2 emissions)Shi and Xu [75]
Water and energy consumption/efficiencyWagner [74]
Renewable energy/renewable raw materialsEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Travel and transport impactEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]

Social indicators
Human capital development and trainingEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Human rightsEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Supply chain management and integration of standardsWagner [74]
Working condition quality, health, and safetyEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Stakeholder engagementWagner [74]
Customer and product responsibility, customer relation managementEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Privacy and data securityEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Market ethics and business behaviorEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
PhilanthropyEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]

Governance indicators
Founder/CEO’s characteristics, including education,management, and work experienceStucki [76]; Chong et al. [77];Escrig-Olmedo et al. [54]; Manolopoulos et al. [78]
Prevention of corruption and briberyEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Remuneration/compensation policyEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Respect of shareholders’ rightsEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Audit and control systemsEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Risk and crisis managementEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
TransparencyEscrig-Olmedo et al. [54]
Board diversity and structure, corporate governance committeesMoumen et al. [79]; Escrig-Olmedo et al. [54]