How Technological Innovation Influences Environmental Pollution: Evidence from China

Table 1

Comprehensive index system of technological innovation.

The total system	First-level index	The secondary index
Technological innovation system	The environment of technological innovation	The proportion of the economically active population with a junior college degree or above (%), GDP per capita (%), the proportion of funding for science and technology in financial funding (%), the Internet penetration rate (%)
	Investment in technological innovation	Full-time equivalent of R&D personnel per 10,000 people, proportion of R&D expenditure to GDP (%), proportion of enterprises with R&D institutions (%), internal expenditure of R&D, expenditure of large and medium-sized high-tech enterprises (ten thousand yuan)
	Output of technological innovation	Number of scientific and technological papers (papers), number of patent authorization (items), technology market turnover (100 million yuan)
	Achievements of technological innovation	Sales income of new products (10,000 yuan), export of high-tech products accounting for delivery value (100 million yuan), energy consumption per unit GDP (tons of standard coal/10,000 yuan), labor productivity (10,000 yuan/person)