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| Code | Barrier | Brief description |
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| B1 | Cybersecurity threat | The threat of information leakage, security attacks, and misusage of technology |
| B2 | Costly | Implementation of EDUC4 requires high costs (e.g., acquisition of equipment and maintenance) |
| B3 | Skills gap of the human capital | Insufficient knowledge and experience of the human capital in using digital technology for education and lack of specific skills (i.e., critical thinking and emotional intelligence) |
| B4 | Apprehensive stakeholders | Apprehension of some stakeholders (i.e., learners, educators, and administrators) to EDUC4 |
| B5 | Lack of training resources | The lack of training resources (i.e., facility and materials) for professional development |
| B6 | Lack of collaboration | Lack of collaboration with other sectors (i.e., community, government, other HEIs, and industry) that is essential in successfully implementing EDUC4 |
| B7 | Knowledge gap for the customization of curriculum design | Current lack of knowledge to create a customized curriculum design to enhance learner’s skills (i.e., creativity and critical thinking) and promote skills-based training |
| B8 | Insufficient available technologies | Due to the rapid advancement of technology, developing countries cannot catch up with developed countries; some technology might already be available in some countries but not in others |
| B9 | Health issues | Prolonged exposure to the technology that may cause health issues in the physical and mental well-being of the learners and educators |
| B10 | Time constraint for material preparation | The time needed to prepare and teach in a virtual learning platform that requires more time than the traditional one |
| B11 | Complexity of learning platforms | The challenge that the users (i.e., learners and educators) face in utilizing the virtual learning platform |
| B12 | Insufficient foundation in basic foundation | Students with proper primary education, an essential component in implementing EDUC4, are rare |
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