Tongue Tied after Shoulder Surgery: A Case Series and Literature Review

Table 2

Case reports of cranial nerve palsy after shoulder surgery.

First author	Surgery	Position	Airway	Injury	IS block	Nitrous oxide used	Determined cause
Mullins [1]	Open repair or rotator cuff	Beach chair	Oral ETT	Contralateral hypoglossal	No	NA	Positioning
Hwang [2]	Open repair of humeral fracture	Beach chair	Oral ETT	Hypoglossal	No	NA	Positioning
Rhee [3]	Arthroscopy	Beach chair	Oral ETT	Contralateral hypoglossal	No	NA	Positioning
Rhee [3]	Arthroscopy	Beach chair	Oral ETT	Contralateral hypoglossal	No	NA	Positioning
Hung [4]	Arthroscopy	Semi-beach-chair	Oral ETT	Ipsilateral hypoglossal	No	No	Intubation or mask ventilation
Nagai [5]	Total shoulder	Right lateral	LMA	Contralateral hypoglossal	No	Yes	LMA, N2O, change in position
Cogan [6]	Arthroscopy	Beach chair	Oral ETT	Tapia’s syndrome	No	NA	Positioning
Boisseau [7]	Arthroscopy	Beach chair	Oral ETT	Ipsilateral Tapia’s syndrome	No	No	Positioning
Wadelek [8]	Arthroscopy	Semi-supine	LMA	Tapia’s syndrome	Yes	No	LMA and positioning
Johnson [9]	Shoulder Mumford Procedure	NA	NA	Ipsilateral Tapia’s syndrome	Yes	NA	Dissection of the ascending pharyngeal artery
Dziewas [10]	Arthroscopy	NA	Oral ETT	Hypoglossal	No	NA	laryngoscopy
Haslam [11]	Total shoulder	Beach chair	Oral ETT	Contralateral hypoglossal	Yes	NA	ETT

NA = not available; IS = interscalene block.